Latest items for RCDW-PRACTICE-1
Feb. 12, 2025, 7:44 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"But it still seemed excessive to Nilufar, a 27-year-old education professional, when she saw local authorities with scissors outside a K.F.C. in Dushanbe, Tajikistan’s capital, trimming beards that were deemed too long. Excessive, but not so surprising. In the span of a month, Nilufar herself had been stopped three times by the authorities for wearing a hijab in public" (par. 2-3). "Outside the K.F.C., several women who were with the men trimming beards approached Nilufar and a friend. The women said they were from the Committee on Women and Family Affairs, a government body that advises on and implements state policy. They asked the two women to remove their head...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"But it still seemed excessive to Nilufar, a 27-year-old education professional, when she saw local authorities with scissors outside a K.F.C. in Dushanbe, Tajikistan’s capital, trimming beards that were deemed too long. Excessive, but not so surprising. In the span of a month, Nilufar herself had been stopped three times by the authorities for wearing a hijab in public" (par. 2-3). "Outside the K.F.C., several women who were with the men trimming beards approached Nilufar and a friend. The women said they were from the Committee on Women and Family Affairs, a government body that advises on and implements state policy. They asked the two women to remove their head...more
Feb. 12, 2025, 7:35 p.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"North Korea has a long list of prohibited fashion items including sleeveless shirts, jeans, hair dye, non-creased pants, T-shirts with foreign lettering, shoulder bags, shorts and tight-fitting tops. Citizens are also banned from having hair the falls below the waistline, imitating the hairstyle of ruler Kim Jong Un and sporting the 'rooster' style, a term used to describe a high-ponytail with a side-swept fringe that covers the forehead and one eye" (par. 3-4). "Residents are reportedly frustrated by the fashion bans, which they allege do not seem to apply to those close to Kim Jong Un. His daughter Kim Ju Ae recently made a public appearance in a blouse with...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"North Korea has a long list of prohibited fashion items including sleeveless shirts, jeans, hair dye, non-creased pants, T-shirts with foreign lettering, shoulder bags, shorts and tight-fitting tops. Citizens are also banned from having hair the falls below the waistline, imitating the hairstyle of ruler Kim Jong Un and sporting the 'rooster' style, a term used to describe a high-ponytail with a side-swept fringe that covers the forehead and one eye" (par. 3-4). "Residents are reportedly frustrated by the fashion bans, which they allege do not seem to apply to those close to Kim Jong Un. His daughter Kim Ju Ae recently made a public appearance in a blouse with...more
Feb. 12, 2025, 7:04 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Women riding scooters are a rarity in Pakistan, let alone women in uniforms on pink scooters wielding assault rifles. Women smile as they pass. But the receptionis not always so friendly. 'Men try to show us that the roads belong to them,' says officer Iman Aziz, 23. Sometimes, she says male bystanders hurl insults at the female officers. Sometimes, the officers say, men try to chase them off the roads with their vehicles. Officer Maryam Khalil, 23, recounted an incident where three young men smashed into her squad and 'accused us of not knowing how to ride a scooter.' Another officer, Maryam Sultan, explains that she wears a pandemic-style mask...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Women riding scooters are a rarity in Pakistan, let alone women in uniforms on pink scooters wielding assault rifles. Women smile as they pass. But the receptionis not always so friendly. 'Men try to show us that the roads belong to them,' says officer Iman Aziz, 23. Sometimes, she says male bystanders hurl insults at the female officers. Sometimes, the officers say, men try to chase them off the roads with their vehicles. Officer Maryam Khalil, 23, recounted an incident where three young men smashed into her squad and 'accused us of not knowing how to ride a scooter.' Another officer, Maryam Sultan, explains that she wears a pandemic-style mask...more
Feb. 3, 2025, 5:50 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[A]uthorities say the archaic restrictions (Not allowing women to intermingle in public or go to public places like restaurants) are in place because of gender mixing or because women are allegedly not wearing hijabs or Islamic headscarfs correctly" (Para 7).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[A]uthorities say the archaic restrictions (Not allowing women to intermingle in public or go to public places like restaurants) are in place because of gender mixing or because women are allegedly not wearing hijabs or Islamic headscarfs correctly" (Para 7).
Feb. 3, 2025, 12:19 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
Women in Iran could face the death penalty or up to 15 years in prison for violating new compulsory morality laws set to take effect this week. These laws, aimed at enforcing the “culture of chastity and hijab,” impose harsh punishments, including fines up to £12,500, flogging, and prison sentences of 5 to 15 years for repeat offenses like improper dressing or promoting indecency. (UST - CODERS COMMENT) "The law came into place two years after nationwide protests rocked the country after the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, jailed for not wearing her hijab correctly. Over the past two years, Iranian women have been publicly...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
Women in Iran could face the death penalty or up to 15 years in prison for violating new compulsory morality laws set to take effect this week. These laws, aimed at enforcing the “culture of chastity and hijab,” impose harsh punishments, including fines up to £12,500, flogging, and prison sentences of 5 to 15 years for repeat offenses like improper dressing or promoting indecency. (UST - CODERS COMMENT) "The law came into place two years after nationwide protests rocked the country after the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, jailed for not wearing her hijab correctly. Over the past two years, Iranian women have been publicly...more
Dec. 11, 2024, 11:26 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Now, more than a year later, women are defying compulsory hijab on an unprecedented level, most often at significant risk to their lives and livelihoods. Dr. Rajaei-Rad is one of them. The footage of her receiving the award with her hair uncovered went viral, and two days after the ceremony, her medical license was revoked. The authorities did not leave it at that. They summoned the event planners to a correction facility for interrogation and ousted the president of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Amol, where Dr. Rajaei-Rad was employed" (para 6-7). "Such incidents have driven Iranian women to protest the hijab laws by appearing in public with their hair uncovered...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Now, more than a year later, women are defying compulsory hijab on an unprecedented level, most often at significant risk to their lives and livelihoods. Dr. Rajaei-Rad is one of them. The footage of her receiving the award with her hair uncovered went viral, and two days after the ceremony, her medical license was revoked. The authorities did not leave it at that. They summoned the event planners to a correction facility for interrogation and ousted the president of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Amol, where Dr. Rajaei-Rad was employed" (para 6-7). "Such incidents have driven Iranian women to protest the hijab laws by appearing in public with their hair uncovered...more
Dec. 5, 2024, 6:07 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The opening of a 'hijab removal treatment clinic' was announced by Mehri Talebi Darestani, the head of the Women and Family Department of the Tehran Headquarters for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. She said the clinic will offer 'scientific and psychological treatment for hijab remova'" (para 2)."The idea of establishing clinics to ‘cure’ unveiled women is chilling, where people are separated from society simply for not conforming to the ruling ideology" (para 4). "[T]he idea of a clinic to treat women who did not comply with hijab laws is ‘neither Islamic and nor is it aligned with Iranian law’" (para 5). "We are struggling to make ends...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The opening of a 'hijab removal treatment clinic' was announced by Mehri Talebi Darestani, the head of the Women and Family Department of the Tehran Headquarters for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. She said the clinic will offer 'scientific and psychological treatment for hijab remova'" (para 2)."The idea of establishing clinics to ‘cure’ unveiled women is chilling, where people are separated from society simply for not conforming to the ruling ideology" (para 4). "[T]he idea of a clinic to treat women who did not comply with hijab laws is ‘neither Islamic and nor is it aligned with Iranian law’" (para 5). "We are struggling to make ends...more
Nov. 16, 2024, 4:04 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Hijab enforcement groups are to be set up on the Tehran metro and women not wearing the hijab will be refused entry, in effect banning some women from work, Iranian state TV has reported" (Para 1). "Different rules have been deployed in different stations and cities, with instances shown on social media of unveiled women already being barred in cities such as Isfahan" (Para 7). "A survey referenced by Abbas Abdi, a well-known reformist columnist, and conducted by the Ministry of Guidance research institute showed 31% of respondents had observed a high number of Iranians not wearing the hijab. It also showed only 10% of the population favoured offenders being...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Hijab enforcement groups are to be set up on the Tehran metro and women not wearing the hijab will be refused entry, in effect banning some women from work, Iranian state TV has reported" (Para 1). "Different rules have been deployed in different stations and cities, with instances shown on social media of unveiled women already being barred in cities such as Isfahan" (Para 7). "A survey referenced by Abbas Abdi, a well-known reformist columnist, and conducted by the Ministry of Guidance research institute showed 31% of respondents had observed a high number of Iranians not wearing the hijab. It also showed only 10% of the population favoured offenders being...more
Nov. 16, 2024, 4:03 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"You see it as soon as you land at the airport: posters telling women to keep their headscarves on. They're everywhere in Iran; in malls, restaurants, billboards above main highways, and even rest stops in between cities. The hijab remains the official law in Iran" (Para 1). "[A] visible minority of women in Iran are refusing to wear headscarves, in defiant protest against the government and all of its policies" (Para 4). "While most women in Iran still cover their hair – whether by choice or because it's the law — the defiance of the law by many is a new thing, according to Foad Izadi, a professor at Tehran...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"You see it as soon as you land at the airport: posters telling women to keep their headscarves on. They're everywhere in Iran; in malls, restaurants, billboards above main highways, and even rest stops in between cities. The hijab remains the official law in Iran" (Para 1). "[A] visible minority of women in Iran are refusing to wear headscarves, in defiant protest against the government and all of its policies" (Para 4). "While most women in Iran still cover their hair – whether by choice or because it's the law — the defiance of the law by many is a new thing, according to Foad Izadi, a professor at Tehran...more
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:39 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Two women have been arrested in Iran for not covering their hair in public after having a tub of yoghurt thrown over them" (para 1). "A growing number of Iranian women have been ditching their veils since the death of a 22-year-old Kurdish woman in the custody of the 'morality police' last September" (para 10). "women are widely seen unveiled in malls, restaurants, shops and streets around the country, risking arrest for defying the obligatory dress code. Videos of unveiled women resisting the 'morality police' have flooded social media" (para 12).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Two women have been arrested in Iran for not covering their hair in public after having a tub of yoghurt thrown over them" (para 1). "A growing number of Iranian women have been ditching their veils since the death of a 22-year-old Kurdish woman in the custody of the 'morality police' last September" (para 10). "women are widely seen unveiled in malls, restaurants, shops and streets around the country, risking arrest for defying the obligatory dress code. Videos of unveiled women resisting the 'morality police' have flooded social media" (para 12).
Oct. 22, 2024, 11:02 a.m.
Countries: Iraq
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The education ministry has stipulated that the veil should not be compulsory in schools. However, the 2005 Iraqi constitution states that Islam is the official state religion and should be the 'foundation source' of legislation. Occasionally, female students and some teachers share their experiences online using hashtags that highlight their oppression, such as '#educationalterrorism' and '#notothecompulsoryveil'. Former students have also talked about the role of the 'communicators of the message' – females affiliated to political parties or religious institutions who spread Islamic notions and urge younger students to wear the hijab" (para 14-16).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The education ministry has stipulated that the veil should not be compulsory in schools. However, the 2005 Iraqi constitution states that Islam is the official state religion and should be the 'foundation source' of legislation. Occasionally, female students and some teachers share their experiences online using hashtags that highlight their oppression, such as '#educationalterrorism' and '#notothecompulsoryveil'. Former students have also talked about the role of the 'communicators of the message' – females affiliated to political parties or religious institutions who spread Islamic notions and urge younger students to wear the hijab" (para 14-16).
Oct. 16, 2024, 3:21 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Hijab enforcement groups are to be set up on the Tehran metro and women not wearing the hijab will be refused entry, in effect banning some women from work, Iranian state TV has reported" (Para 1). "Different rules have been deployed in different stations and cities, with instances shown on social media of unveiled women already being barred in cities such as Isfahan" (Para 7). "A survey referenced by Abbas Abdi, a well-known reformist columnist, and conducted by the Ministry of Guidance research institute showed 31% of respondents had observed a high number of Iranians not wearing the hijab. It also showed only 10% of the population favoured offenders being...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Hijab enforcement groups are to be set up on the Tehran metro and women not wearing the hijab will be refused entry, in effect banning some women from work, Iranian state TV has reported" (Para 1). "Different rules have been deployed in different stations and cities, with instances shown on social media of unveiled women already being barred in cities such as Isfahan" (Para 7). "A survey referenced by Abbas Abdi, a well-known reformist columnist, and conducted by the Ministry of Guidance research institute showed 31% of respondents had observed a high number of Iranians not wearing the hijab. It also showed only 10% of the population favoured offenders being...more
Oct. 16, 2024, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"You see it as soon as you land at the airport: posters telling women to keep their headscarves on. They're everywhere in Iran; in malls, restaurants, billboards above main highways, and even rest stops in between cities. The hijab remains the official law in Iran" (Para 1). "[A] visible minority of women in Iran are refusing to wear headscarves, in defiant protest against the government and all of its policies" (Para 4). "While most women in Iran still cover their hair – whether by choice or because it's the law — the defiance of the law by many is a new thing, according to Foad Izadi, a professor at Tehran...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"You see it as soon as you land at the airport: posters telling women to keep their headscarves on. They're everywhere in Iran; in malls, restaurants, billboards above main highways, and even rest stops in between cities. The hijab remains the official law in Iran" (Para 1). "[A] visible minority of women in Iran are refusing to wear headscarves, in defiant protest against the government and all of its policies" (Para 4). "While most women in Iran still cover their hair – whether by choice or because it's the law — the defiance of the law by many is a new thing, according to Foad Izadi, a professor at Tehran...more
Oct. 16, 2024, 11:13 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The letter, confirmed by economy ministry spokesperson Abdulrahman Habib, said the female employees were not allowed to work until further notice because some had not adhered to the administration's interpretation of Islamic dresscode for women" (2, 17). "The Taliban have banned girls from middle school and high school, barred women from most fields of employment and ordered them to wear head-to-toe clothing in public. Women are also banned from parks and gyms" (para 37).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The letter, confirmed by economy ministry spokesperson Abdulrahman Habib, said the female employees were not allowed to work until further notice because some had not adhered to the administration's interpretation of Islamic dresscode for women" (2, 17). "The Taliban have banned girls from middle school and high school, barred women from most fields of employment and ordered them to wear head-to-toe clothing in public. Women are also banned from parks and gyms" (para 37).
Jan. 21, 2024, 10:39 a.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Four decades of brutal policing have also given unofficial permission to ordinary citizens whose religious and political ideologies align with the regime to take matters into their own hands. Long before the death of Mahsa Amini ignited the current uprising, a woman could be harassed for her appearances by any passerby merely because the government justifies policing women’s bodies. Videos of citizens arguing or physically confronting each other circulate on social media almost daily" (para 16).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-2
"Four decades of brutal policing have also given unofficial permission to ordinary citizens whose religious and political ideologies align with the regime to take matters into their own hands. Long before the death of Mahsa Amini ignited the current uprising, a woman could be harassed for her appearances by any passerby merely because the government justifies policing women’s bodies. Videos of citizens arguing or physically confronting each other circulate on social media almost daily" (para 16).
Dec. 21, 2023, 10:10 a.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Such treatment mirrors the tragic case of Mahsa Amini, the 22-year-old who was arrested last month for not wearing a hijab according to government standards and subsequently died in a Tehran hospital, having reportedly been beaten by police" (para 13). "Khodayari, who suffered from bipolar disorder, was spotted by security guards trying to attend an Asian Champions League match in March 2019 and was charged with ‘committing a sinful act by appearing in public without a hijab’, as well as ‘insulting officials'" (para 24). "'The women and men are separated so attending with your family is still a dream,' says Sepidah, who now lives overseas and requested her surname was...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Such treatment mirrors the tragic case of Mahsa Amini, the 22-year-old who was arrested last month for not wearing a hijab according to government standards and subsequently died in a Tehran hospital, having reportedly been beaten by police" (para 13). "Khodayari, who suffered from bipolar disorder, was spotted by security guards trying to attend an Asian Champions League match in March 2019 and was charged with ‘committing a sinful act by appearing in public without a hijab’, as well as ‘insulting officials'" (para 24). "'The women and men are separated so attending with your family is still a dream,' says Sepidah, who now lives overseas and requested her surname was...more
Dec. 20, 2023, 11:14 a.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The dress code for women became an ideological pillar of the ruling clerical establishment, and is central to its identity. Iranian women have been challenging the dress code since its inception, embracing colorful robes, barely covering their hair in loose wraps and, in some cases, letting their head scarves drop onto their shoulders. The enforcement of the code has always been uneven and arbitrary, ranging from warnings, to fines and to arrests"(para 20-21).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"The dress code for women became an ideological pillar of the ruling clerical establishment, and is central to its identity. Iranian women have been challenging the dress code since its inception, embracing colorful robes, barely covering their hair in loose wraps and, in some cases, letting their head scarves drop onto their shoulders. The enforcement of the code has always been uneven and arbitrary, ranging from warnings, to fines and to arrests"(para 20-21).
Nov. 22, 2023, 5:13 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[I]n Muslim majority areas [,] Muslim girls are required to wear long-sleeve shirts and long skirts, along with a jilbab... [T]he existence of the regulation adds to the pressure on girls and their families to wear one" (7). "In East Java, Pamekasan regency on Madura Island declared a Sharia regulation, mandating that Muslim women and girls wear the jilbab in public" (26). “The 2006 regulation has made the hijab longer and more restrictive for movement" (62). "Women are not allowed to show their aurat [a woman’s entire body except for the hands, feet, and face]" (73-74). "Ninety percent of female lecturers at her campus wear a jilbab. In her department,...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[I]n Muslim majority areas [,] Muslim girls are required to wear long-sleeve shirts and long skirts, along with a jilbab... [T]he existence of the regulation adds to the pressure on girls and their families to wear one" (7). "In East Java, Pamekasan regency on Madura Island declared a Sharia regulation, mandating that Muslim women and girls wear the jilbab in public" (26). “The 2006 regulation has made the hijab longer and more restrictive for movement" (62). "Women are not allowed to show their aurat [a woman’s entire body except for the hands, feet, and face]" (73-74). "Ninety percent of female lecturers at her campus wear a jilbab. In her department,...more
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:58 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"We were all required to wear the jilbab. It was not a uniform, but every female student is supposed to wear a jilbab. It is not a regulation but is displayed on the billboards" (64).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"We were all required to wear the jilbab. It was not a uniform, but every female student is supposed to wear a jilbab. It is not a regulation but is displayed on the billboards" (64).
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:53 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Human Rights Watch interviewed nine other Christian students in Solok and Padang, West Sumatra. They all said that they must wear the jilbab despite the 2014 national regulation ensuring religious freedom" (51). "[N]on-Muslim girls must wear a jilbab... [A]ll female students, Muslims and non-Muslims, were required to wear jilbabs" (53). "In government offices in urban areas in Tasikmalaya, female civil servants are still allowed to wear pants with the jilbab, but in rural areas they are required to wear a long skirt instead" (60-61). "[A]pproximately 10 to 20 percent of the female workforce at the ministry, including doctors and nurses, did not wear a hijab before the decree, but that...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Human Rights Watch interviewed nine other Christian students in Solok and Padang, West Sumatra. They all said that they must wear the jilbab despite the 2014 national regulation ensuring religious freedom" (51). "[N]on-Muslim girls must wear a jilbab... [A]ll female students, Muslims and non-Muslims, were required to wear jilbabs" (53). "In government offices in urban areas in Tasikmalaya, female civil servants are still allowed to wear pants with the jilbab, but in rural areas they are required to wear a long skirt instead" (60-61). "[A]pproximately 10 to 20 percent of the female workforce at the ministry, including doctors and nurses, did not wear a hijab before the decree, but that...more
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:52 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Muslim girls were now required to wear the jilbab a long-sleeve shirt, and a long skirt, and non-Muslim girls were required to wear a long skirt [to school]" (28). "[Illustrations in the appendices show] the 'Muslim girl' (Muslimah) uniform, which is the long-skirt and long-sleeve shirt option with the addition of a jilbab" (30). "Many schools regulate headscarves to the tiniest detail, specifying that the fabric should not be transparent, no hair should show, and girls cannot have a hair-bun. Some schools use measures that stigmatize girls, damage their clothing, and even threaten them with expulsion for not wearing the jilbab to enforce its wearing. Yet, many girls deliberately wear...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Muslim girls were now required to wear the jilbab a long-sleeve shirt, and a long skirt, and non-Muslim girls were required to wear a long skirt [to school]" (28). "[Illustrations in the appendices show] the 'Muslim girl' (Muslimah) uniform, which is the long-skirt and long-sleeve shirt option with the addition of a jilbab" (30). "Many schools regulate headscarves to the tiniest detail, specifying that the fabric should not be transparent, no hair should show, and girls cannot have a hair-bun. Some schools use measures that stigmatize girls, damage their clothing, and even threaten them with expulsion for not wearing the jilbab to enforce its wearing. Yet, many girls deliberately wear...more
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:51 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2001, three regencies in West Java and West Sumatra began requiring the jilbab in schools. Other regencies, mostly on Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi islands, began to issue similar ordinances, making female teachers and students wear a jilbab" (4). "Sharia-inspired regulation of female dress in other domains remains limited to the provincial or local level" (5). "[N]early all state school children, from grade 1 to grade 12, regularly wear the officially mandated Pramuka clothes to school at least once a week. Regardless of whether girls choose to participate in extracurricular scouting activities, they are required to wear the uniform and, accordingly, jilbabs" (6). "Christian girls are sometimes compelled to wear...more
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2001, three regencies in West Java and West Sumatra began requiring the jilbab in schools. Other regencies, mostly on Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi islands, began to issue similar ordinances, making female teachers and students wear a jilbab" (4). "Sharia-inspired regulation of female dress in other domains remains limited to the provincial or local level" (5). "[N]early all state school children, from grade 1 to grade 12, regularly wear the officially mandated Pramuka clothes to school at least once a week. Regardless of whether girls choose to participate in extracurricular scouting activities, they are required to wear the uniform and, accordingly, jilbabs" (6). "Christian girls are sometimes compelled to wear...more
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:50 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Muslim provinces, such as Yogyakarta, have adopted similar regulations but have not made them mandatory, instead 'calling on' or 'advising' Muslim girls and women to wear the jilbab" (8). "75 percent of Muslim women in Indonesia, or approximately 80 million women and girls, were wearing the hijab. It is unclear how many do so voluntarily and how many do so under legal, social, or familial pressure or compulsion" (8).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Muslim provinces, such as Yogyakarta, have adopted similar regulations but have not made them mandatory, instead 'calling on' or 'advising' Muslim girls and women to wear the jilbab" (8). "75 percent of Muslim women in Indonesia, or approximately 80 million women and girls, were wearing the hijab. It is unclear how many do so voluntarily and how many do so under legal, social, or familial pressure or compulsion" (8).
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:50 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Dozens of non-Muslim girls, mostly Christians, who said that they were forced to wear the jilbab uniform even though they did not want to wear it on faith grounds" (36). "In Padang, a 19-year-old student told Human Rights Watch that she had tried to refuse to wear a jilbab, but her school had compelled her through threats and intimidation. She said, 'I actually refused, but what else could I do? Many of my classmates do not like to wear jilbabs. When they are out of school, they take off their jilbabs'" (41).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Dozens of non-Muslim girls, mostly Christians, who said that they were forced to wear the jilbab uniform even though they did not want to wear it on faith grounds" (36). "In Padang, a 19-year-old student told Human Rights Watch that she had tried to refuse to wear a jilbab, but her school had compelled her through threats and intimidation. She said, 'I actually refused, but what else could I do? Many of my classmates do not like to wear jilbabs. When they are out of school, they take off their jilbabs'" (41).
Nov. 22, 2023, 4:48 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A Cianjur civil servant, who wears a jilbab, complained that she now faces pressure to wear gamis —a long dress to cover not only her hips but her feet—combined with a big hijab that covers her chest—restricting her when she rides a motorcycle” (62).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A Cianjur civil servant, who wears a jilbab, complained that she now faces pressure to wear gamis —a long dress to cover not only her hips but her feet—combined with a big hijab that covers her chest—restricting her when she rides a motorcycle” (62).
Nov. 22, 2023, 3:56 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A lecturer at a public university in Jakarta who wishes to remain anonymous told Human Rights Watch that she was under pressure to wear a jilbab despite the absence of any campus regulation. She pointed to a huge billboard reminding all female visitors on campus to wear 'Islamic attire'... The constant pressures finally prompted her to resign in March 2020. She took a new job at a private university where she says she is not judged for teaching without a jilbab" (2).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A lecturer at a public university in Jakarta who wishes to remain anonymous told Human Rights Watch that she was under pressure to wear a jilbab despite the absence of any campus regulation. She pointed to a huge billboard reminding all female visitors on campus to wear 'Islamic attire'... The constant pressures finally prompted her to resign in March 2020. She took a new job at a private university where she says she is not judged for teaching without a jilbab" (2).
Nov. 22, 2023, 12:31 p.m.
Countries: Syria
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-1
"[W]omen and girls over 9 years of age wear a black or dark brown jalabiya, a wide-cut, loose-fitting garment, when venturing outdoors. They may not wear dresses with bright colors, must cover their hair, and cannot wear makeup" (111).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-1
"[W]omen and girls over 9 years of age wear a black or dark brown jalabiya, a wide-cut, loose-fitting garment, when venturing outdoors. They may not wear dresses with bright colors, must cover their hair, and cannot wear makeup" (111).
Nov. 22, 2023, 12:28 p.m.
Countries: Syria
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[B]etween September 2012 and November 2013, members of Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State (ISIS) required that women follow a strict dress code that mandated the abaya and jilbab and prohibited jeans, close-fitting clothing, and makeup" (110).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"[B]etween September 2012 and November 2013, members of Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State (ISIS) required that women follow a strict dress code that mandated the abaya and jilbab and prohibited jeans, close-fitting clothing, and makeup" (110).
Nov. 22, 2023, 12:27 p.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A single form of the loose black abaya became common attire for Saudi women until now" (109).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"A single form of the loose black abaya became common attire for Saudi women until now" (109).
Nov. 22, 2023, 11:53 a.m.
Countries: Russia
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Chechen authorities prohibited women from working in the public sector and entering governmental buildings if they do not wear hijabs. Education authorities required female students to wear hijabs in schools and universities" (103).
Variables: RCDW-PRACTICE-1
"Chechen authorities prohibited women from working in the public sector and entering governmental buildings if they do not wear hijabs. Education authorities required female students to wear hijabs in schools and universities" (103).