Latest items for MARR-LAW-1
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:59 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
"Article 544 of the Italian criminal code recognized a kind of marriage, the matrimonio riparatore, that would forgive the man for his crime and restore to the 'damaged' victim her honor and that of her family. Should she refuse to marry her abductor, the young woman would be further victimized as an unmarriagable outcast somehow to blame for her unfortunate circumstances" (para 6).
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
"Article 544 of the Italian criminal code recognized a kind of marriage, the matrimonio riparatore, that would forgive the man for his crime and restore to the 'damaged' victim her honor and that of her family. Should she refuse to marry her abductor, the young woman would be further victimized as an unmarriagable outcast somehow to blame for her unfortunate circumstances" (para 6).
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:15 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The rights experts - who report to the Human Rights Council – cited reports suggesting the involvement of religious authorities and the complicity of security forces and the justice system; although they also acknowledged that Pakistan had already made efforts to pass legislation prohibiting such illegal practices" (para 3). This indicates that there are either laws or attempts at laws to prevent this, but they are not successful (MB2-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The rights experts - who report to the Human Rights Council – cited reports suggesting the involvement of religious authorities and the complicity of security forces and the justice system; although they also acknowledged that Pakistan had already made efforts to pass legislation prohibiting such illegal practices" (para 3). This indicates that there are either laws or attempts at laws to prevent this, but they are not successful (MB2-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:09 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"[C]riminal prosecution for crimes involving gender-based violence (bride kidnapping, forced marriage, etc.) lies within the competence of the internal affairs agencies. However, the Office of the Procurator supervises the activities of those agencies in implementing legislation in this area" (4). "Kyrgyzstan has taken further measures to strengthen the legal framework for combating bride kidnapping and early marriage. For example, in addition to the amendments introduced in 2013 to articles of the Criminal Code, in particular article 154 on arranging a coerced de facto marriage relationship with a person who is under the age of 17 and article 155 on forcing a woman to marry, kidnapping a woman for the purpose...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"[C]riminal prosecution for crimes involving gender-based violence (bride kidnapping, forced marriage, etc.) lies within the competence of the internal affairs agencies. However, the Office of the Procurator supervises the activities of those agencies in implementing legislation in this area" (4). "Kyrgyzstan has taken further measures to strengthen the legal framework for combating bride kidnapping and early marriage. For example, in addition to the amendments introduced in 2013 to articles of the Criminal Code, in particular article 154 on arranging a coerced de facto marriage relationship with a person who is under the age of 17 and article 155 on forcing a woman to marry, kidnapping a woman for the purpose...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:34 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Forced marriage has been illegal in Australia since 2013" (para 4). "If found guilty the men face a maximum penalty of nine years in jail" (para 7). "Forced marriage can apply to legally recognised marriage, cultural or religious ceremonies that occur in Australia or where a person is taken overseas to be married" (para 12).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Forced marriage has been illegal in Australia since 2013" (para 4). "If found guilty the men face a maximum penalty of nine years in jail" (para 7). "Forced marriage can apply to legally recognised marriage, cultural or religious ceremonies that occur in Australia or where a person is taken overseas to be married" (para 12).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:51 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The outdated and illegal custom, known as ghag – a Pashto word meaning proclamation… allows another man to forcibly claim a woman as his intended wife" (para 2). "The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa parliament banned ghag forced marriages in 2013, making it an offence punishable by up to seven years’ imprisonment or a hefty fine" (para 9).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The outdated and illegal custom, known as ghag – a Pashto word meaning proclamation… allows another man to forcibly claim a woman as his intended wife" (para 2). "The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa parliament banned ghag forced marriages in 2013, making it an offence punishable by up to seven years’ imprisonment or a hefty fine" (para 9).
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the…amendment to expand the prohibition of forced marriage to include extrajudicial forced marriage, in 2021 [and the] amendment to expand the duty to avert a criminal offence, which is subject to penalties, to encompass forced marriage" (2).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the…amendment to expand the prohibition of forced marriage to include extrajudicial forced marriage, in 2021 [and the] amendment to expand the duty to avert a criminal offence, which is subject to penalties, to encompass forced marriage" (2).
Nov. 16, 2024, 4:26 p.m.
Countries: Malta
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"There are issues when it comes to prosecuting these [child marriages] cases, saying it is only illegal if the marriage is registered, and so proving the case in a court of law can be difficult" (para 6).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"There are issues when it comes to prosecuting these [child marriages] cases, saying it is only illegal if the marriage is registered, and so proving the case in a court of law can be difficult" (para 6).
Nov. 16, 2024, 2:54 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The draft law aims to criminalise underage marriages due to children’s lack of health and mental ability to bear the consequences of marriage" (para 1). Seeing as child marriages are forced marriages by definition, and they are not yet criminalised, it seems that forced marriages are legal (MB-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The draft law aims to criminalise underage marriages due to children’s lack of health and mental ability to bear the consequences of marriage" (para 1). Seeing as child marriages are forced marriages by definition, and they are not yet criminalised, it seems that forced marriages are legal (MB-CODER COMMENT).
Nov. 12, 2024, 1:32 p.m.
Countries: Latvia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the progress achieved...in particular the adoption of the following…[c]riminalizing forced marriages and marriages of convenience, to combat trafficking, in 2013" (1, 2).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the progress achieved...in particular the adoption of the following…[c]riminalizing forced marriages and marriages of convenience, to combat trafficking, in 2013" (1, 2).
Oct. 16, 2024, 3:02 p.m.
Countries: Malta
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"There are issues when it comes to prosecuting these [child marriages] cases, saying it is only illegal if the marriage is registered, and so proving the case in a court of law can be difficult" (para 6).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"There are issues when it comes to prosecuting these [child marriages] cases, saying it is only illegal if the marriage is registered, and so proving the case in a court of law can be difficult" (para 6).
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The new [Trafficking in Persons Prohibition] Act criminalizes...forced marriage of both adult and child victims" (3).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The new [Trafficking in Persons Prohibition] Act criminalizes...forced marriage of both adult and child victims" (3).
Jan. 21, 2024, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the 'offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,' a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire" (para 14).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the 'offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,' a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire" (para 14).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"To guarantee equality between men and women, the Constitution of Senegal reaffirms the principle of prohibiting all forms of discrimination, in particular genderbased discrimination...It prohibits the forced marriage of young girls and women..." (3).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"To guarantee equality between men and women, the Constitution of Senegal reaffirms the principle of prohibiting all forms of discrimination, in particular genderbased discrimination...It prohibits the forced marriage of young girls and women..." (3).
July 30, 2023, 5:25 a.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the “offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,” a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire." (Parag. 13)
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the “offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,” a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire." (Parag. 13)
July 12, 2023, 10:28 p.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the “offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,” a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire." (Parag. 13)
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Saudi women still need permission from a male guardian to marry. True, it forbids guardians to force their charges to marry against their will. But the paternalistic role of the male guardian is fully encoded in the law — with control over women passing among fathers, husbands, uncles, brothers and even sons in a prescribed order of importance — and since a marriage agreement involves the “offer of the guardian and the acceptance of the husband,” a guardian could likely prevent a woman from marrying according to her desire." (Parag. 13)
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Marriage is defined as the voluntary union of a man and a woman. Article 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives states that every person of the marriageable age as determined by law has the right to marry and to establish a family as specified in law. It further states that the family being the natural and fundamental unit of society, the family is entitled to protection by the society and the state. Family Act of Maldives which was enacted in 2000, 8 years before the Constitution came into force, in its Section 8 (a) states that a Maldivian woman may not marry a non-Muslim man and where...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Marriage is defined as the voluntary union of a man and a woman. Article 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives states that every person of the marriageable age as determined by law has the right to marry and to establish a family as specified in law. It further states that the family being the natural and fundamental unit of society, the family is entitled to protection by the society and the state. Family Act of Maldives which was enacted in 2000, 8 years before the Constitution came into force, in its Section 8 (a) states that a Maldivian woman may not marry a non-Muslim man and where...more
June 27, 2023, 11:16 p.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minor’s will" (30).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minor’s will" (30).
June 20, 2023, 9:30 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Family Code (Act No. 870) of 2014 regulates and protects the human rights of all families." (4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The Family Code ensures that men and women are equal in their marriage and that marriage should be based off of voluntary union). "Under article 72, marriage and stable de facto union are defined as a voluntary agreement between the parties that may be dissolved by mutual consent or by the will of one of the parties." (32). "In Nicaragua, persons under 16 years of age may not marry or enter into a stable de facto union. Similarly, under the Human Trafficking Prevention Act (No. 896), a series...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Family Code (Act No. 870) of 2014 regulates and protects the human rights of all families." (4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The Family Code ensures that men and women are equal in their marriage and that marriage should be based off of voluntary union). "Under article 72, marriage and stable de facto union are defined as a voluntary agreement between the parties that may be dissolved by mutual consent or by the will of one of the parties." (32). "In Nicaragua, persons under 16 years of age may not marry or enter into a stable de facto union. Similarly, under the Human Trafficking Prevention Act (No. 896), a series...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"A significant contribution to the development of gender legislation adopted in Uzbekistan was made in 2019 by, inter alia:…[T]he Act amending and supplementing article 15 of the Family Code of 28 August 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This legislation asserts that marriage is a voluntary act and forced marriage is prohibited under this act). "Under the Family Code, family relations are regulated on the basis of the principle of the voluntary nature of the marital union of a man and a woman, the equality of the spouses’ individual and property rights, the settlement of family issues by mutual consent, the priority of raising children within the family and of children’s...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"A significant contribution to the development of gender legislation adopted in Uzbekistan was made in 2019 by, inter alia:…[T]he Act amending and supplementing article 15 of the Family Code of 28 August 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This legislation asserts that marriage is a voluntary act and forced marriage is prohibited under this act). "Under the Family Code, family relations are regulated on the basis of the principle of the voluntary nature of the marital union of a man and a woman, the equality of the spouses’ individual and property rights, the settlement of family issues by mutual consent, the priority of raising children within the family and of children’s...more
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Act No. 64 of 2010, of temporary, seasonal and contractual marriages, particularly in rural and remote areas and among women living in poverty,are forms of trafficking and sexual exploitation of women" (8).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Act No. 64 of 2010, of temporary, seasonal and contractual marriages, particularly in rural and remote areas and among women living in poverty,are forms of trafficking and sexual exploitation of women" (8).
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Law Amending to the Criminal Code of Montenegro (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” No. 44/2017) introduced a new form of committing the criminal offense of concluding a void marriage (regulated by Article 214), in the case when a person is incited or taken abroad in intent to enter into marriage by force or threat" (9). "A new form of committing the criminal offense of concluding a void marriage has also been introduced..., in the case when a person is incited or taken abroad with the intention of entering a marriage by force or threat" (11).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Law Amending to the Criminal Code of Montenegro (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” No. 44/2017) introduced a new form of committing the criminal offense of concluding a void marriage (regulated by Article 214), in the case when a person is incited or taken abroad in intent to enter into marriage by force or threat" (9). "A new form of committing the criminal offense of concluding a void marriage has also been introduced..., in the case when a person is incited or taken abroad with the intention of entering a marriage by force or threat" (11).
Feb. 24, 2023, 12:54 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Constitution and legislations guarantee women’s right to equality and non-discrimination in marriage and family relations. The chapter on marriage of General Code, 1963, fully recognizes and protects the right of every person to establish matrimonial relationship with a person of own choice. Early and child marriage, forced marriage and marriage caused by fraud are prohibited by the General Code. Any persons involved to execute such marriage are liable to face penalty including imprisonment." (22). "The Constitution guarantees rights against exploitation and discrimination from all harmful traditional practices that discriminate women. No laws and policies of Nepal recognize and protect such harmful practices. State agencies and even the private persons...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Constitution and legislations guarantee women’s right to equality and non-discrimination in marriage and family relations. The chapter on marriage of General Code, 1963, fully recognizes and protects the right of every person to establish matrimonial relationship with a person of own choice. Early and child marriage, forced marriage and marriage caused by fraud are prohibited by the General Code. Any persons involved to execute such marriage are liable to face penalty including imprisonment." (22). "The Constitution guarantees rights against exploitation and discrimination from all harmful traditional practices that discriminate women. No laws and policies of Nepal recognize and protect such harmful practices. State agencies and even the private persons...more
Feb. 18, 2023, 10:28 a.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Women who refuse marriage proposals in northern Chad will have to pay a fine of up to £30 under a new ruling" (Para.1). "The Higher Islamic Council in the eastern town of Mangalmé has decreed that men must pay £12 and women up to £30 for refusing to marry. Local authorities said the fine, known as 'amchilini', is based on the Quran and follows Sharia law" (Para.2). "The ruling was met with fierce criticism from human rights groups which say it violates a national law that guarantees freedom of marriage. The Chadian Women’s Rights League launched the hashtag #StopAmchilini to pressure national authorities to repeal the law. 'If we have...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Women who refuse marriage proposals in northern Chad will have to pay a fine of up to £30 under a new ruling" (Para.1). "The Higher Islamic Council in the eastern town of Mangalmé has decreed that men must pay £12 and women up to £30 for refusing to marry. Local authorities said the fine, known as 'amchilini', is based on the Quran and follows Sharia law" (Para.2). "The ruling was met with fierce criticism from human rights groups which say it violates a national law that guarantees freedom of marriage. The Chadian Women’s Rights League launched the hashtag #StopAmchilini to pressure national authorities to repeal the law. 'If we have...more
Feb. 6, 2023, 12:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women] welcomes the progress achieved since the consideration in 2015 of the State party’s previous report in undertaking legislative reforms, in particular the adoption of the following...The Criminal Code, criminalizing bride kidnapping, forced marriage and child marriage (articles 175, 177 and 178), in 2017" (1-2). "The Committee welcomes the...introduction of more severe penalties for bride kidnapping of women and girls for the purposes of child marriage and forced marriage" (5).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women] welcomes the progress achieved since the consideration in 2015 of the State party’s previous report in undertaking legislative reforms, in particular the adoption of the following...The Criminal Code, criminalizing bride kidnapping, forced marriage and child marriage (articles 175, 177 and 178), in 2017" (1-2). "The Committee welcomes the...introduction of more severe penalties for bride kidnapping of women and girls for the purposes of child marriage and forced marriage" (5).
Feb. 4, 2023, 6:14 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Government continues to combat forms of child marriages. To this effect, the Married Persons Equality Act (Act No.1 of 1996) restricts the right to marry by age and consent. In other words, a child as defined under the Age of Majority Act (Act No. 57 of 1972) will not be allowed marriage unless emancipated to marry. In this regard the Married Persons Equality Act amended section 26 of the Marriage Act (Act No. 25 of 1961) and provides that 'no boy or girl under the age of 15 years shall be capable of contracting a valid marriage except with the written consent of the Minister'. (21). "Moreover, section 226...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Government continues to combat forms of child marriages. To this effect, the Married Persons Equality Act (Act No.1 of 1996) restricts the right to marry by age and consent. In other words, a child as defined under the Age of Majority Act (Act No. 57 of 1972) will not be allowed marriage unless emancipated to marry. In this regard the Married Persons Equality Act amended section 26 of the Marriage Act (Act No. 25 of 1961) and provides that 'no boy or girl under the age of 15 years shall be capable of contracting a valid marriage except with the written consent of the Minister'. (21). "Moreover, section 226...more
Feb. 2, 2023, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee notes the following with concern:...(b) The very low number of convictions following the reclassification of forced marriage as a standalone criminal offence in 2016 (only four convictions in 78 criminal cases in 2018)" (14).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"The Committee notes the following with concern:...(b) The very low number of convictions following the reclassification of forced marriage as a standalone criminal offence in 2016 (only four convictions in 78 criminal cases in 2018)" (14).
Dec. 28, 2022, 8:06 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Indonesia has passed a landmark bill that for the first time outlaws forced marriage and sexual harassment" (para 1).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Indonesia has passed a landmark bill that for the first time outlaws forced marriage and sexual harassment" (para 1).
June 29, 2022, 11:33 a.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"[The Committee]... is particularly concerned about: (a) The persistence of child marriages, especially in rural areas, under article 7 (2) of Law No. 16/2019 on marriage, which authorizes the religious courts to grant exemptions from the legal minimum age of marriage" (15). "[The Committee] recommends that the State party:... request the full consent of the woman in all marriages" (16).
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"[The Committee]... is particularly concerned about: (a) The persistence of child marriages, especially in rural areas, under article 7 (2) of Law No. 16/2019 on marriage, which authorizes the religious courts to grant exemptions from the legal minimum age of marriage" (15). "[The Committee] recommends that the State party:... request the full consent of the woman in all marriages" (16).
June 14, 2022, 5:24 p.m.
Countries: Denmark
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Besides the minimum age requirement, it is required that the spouses/partners entered into marriage/relationship voluntarily. Thus, as a general rule family reunification cannot be granted if it must be considered doubtful that the marriage was contracted, or the cohabitation was established at both parties’ own wish. If the marriage has been contracted or the cohabitation established between close relatives or otherwise closely related parties, it must be considered doubtful unless particular reasons make it inappropriate, including regard for family unity, that the marriage was contracted or the cohabitation was established at both parties’ own wish" (28-29). "An effort has been made to tighten control with religious preachers, also regarding forced...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Besides the minimum age requirement, it is required that the spouses/partners entered into marriage/relationship voluntarily. Thus, as a general rule family reunification cannot be granted if it must be considered doubtful that the marriage was contracted, or the cohabitation was established at both parties’ own wish. If the marriage has been contracted or the cohabitation established between close relatives or otherwise closely related parties, it must be considered doubtful unless particular reasons make it inappropriate, including regard for family unity, that the marriage was contracted or the cohabitation was established at both parties’ own wish" (28-29). "An effort has been made to tighten control with religious preachers, also regarding forced...more