Latest items for LRCM-PRACTICE-1
April 11, 2025, 4:20 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The National Survey of Women’s Health and Life Experiences conducted by the National Commission for Women and Children in 2017 (‘NCWC Survey’) found that 4.5% of ever-married women had been subjected to sexual violence by their partner during their lifetime. However, rates of reporting of marital rape remain incredibly low in Bhutan. As per data from the Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan - 2020, over a period of 5 years between 2015-2019, there has been only one case of marital rape recorded with the Royal Bhutan Police. These low levels of reporting are also corroborated by the findings of the NCWC Survey, which found that 41.4% of women and girls who...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The National Survey of Women’s Health and Life Experiences conducted by the National Commission for Women and Children in 2017 (‘NCWC Survey’) found that 4.5% of ever-married women had been subjected to sexual violence by their partner during their lifetime. However, rates of reporting of marital rape remain incredibly low in Bhutan. As per data from the Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan - 2020, over a period of 5 years between 2015-2019, there has been only one case of marital rape recorded with the Royal Bhutan Police. These low levels of reporting are also corroborated by the findings of the NCWC Survey, which found that 41.4% of women and girls who...more
April 9, 2025, 10:24 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
Figure 5, titled "Percentage of Men and Women Age 15-49 Who Agree That a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife for Specific Reasons," shows that 5% of men and 19% of women think a husband is justified in beating his wife if she refuses conjugal relations as and when the husband wants (14).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
Figure 5, titled "Percentage of Men and Women Age 15-49 Who Agree That a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife for Specific Reasons," shows that 5% of men and 19% of women think a husband is justified in beating his wife if she refuses conjugal relations as and when the husband wants (14).
March 27, 2025, 7:22 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Of further concern is the fact that marital rape is not prosecuted or deemed as abuse. Neither nonconsensual sex nor incest is enumerated in the DV Law as a type of sexual violence. The Criminal Code Article 239, which defines rape, does not explicitly include a spouse or partner so some advocates of prosecution state that the law prohibits marital rape, but many judges, police, and prosecutors view all sex between spouses or partners to be legal regardless of consent... 2019 research by Cambodian HIV/AIDS Education and Care (CHEC) showed that only 72% of local authorities surveyed in 4 rural districts identified forced sex on an intimate partner as a...more
March 21, 2025, 3:28 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Other legislative gaps that contravene international human rights law and standards include a narrow definition of rape that envisages that only 'persons of the female sex' can be victims of rape and only via forced vaginal intercourse as well as non-compliance in the law with some provisions on aggravating circumstances as set out in the Istanbul Convention. Furthermore, Amnesty International is concerned that several offences covering acts of a sexual nature considered a lesser offence than rape under Swiss law allow for judges to consider a reduction in the penalty or an exemption from prosecution if the perpetrator is the husband or the partner of the victim" (2).more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Other legislative gaps that contravene international human rights law and standards include a narrow definition of rape that envisages that only 'persons of the female sex' can be victims of rape and only via forced vaginal intercourse as well as non-compliance in the law with some provisions on aggravating circumstances as set out in the Istanbul Convention. Furthermore, Amnesty International is concerned that several offences covering acts of a sexual nature considered a lesser offence than rape under Swiss law allow for judges to consider a reduction in the penalty or an exemption from prosecution if the perpetrator is the husband or the partner of the victim" (2).more
March 19, 2025, 10:12 p.m.
Countries: Iraq
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"[G]overnment-run shelters tend to emphasize family reconciliation as a solution, releasing women after a short stay with no systematic procedure in place to ensure that they will not be exposed to further harm" (4).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2
"[G]overnment-run shelters tend to emphasize family reconciliation as a solution, releasing women after a short stay with no systematic procedure in place to ensure that they will not be exposed to further harm" (4).
March 13, 2025, 4:09 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"A High Court judge in London has made an order aimed at protecting an American woman from being harassed by her estranged British husband, despite the woman never living in the UK. The woman, who lives in the United States, had asked Mrs Justice Knowles to make a Forced Marriage Protection Order to protect her from 'harassment and intimidation' from her husband. She said she was married under 'duress' nearly a decade ago and her husband had subsequently 'raped' her. Lawyers representing the woman had staged an appeal after a lower-ranking family court judge refused to make a Forced Marriage Protection Order because the woman was neither 'physically present' in...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"A High Court judge in London has made an order aimed at protecting an American woman from being harassed by her estranged British husband, despite the woman never living in the UK. The woman, who lives in the United States, had asked Mrs Justice Knowles to make a Forced Marriage Protection Order to protect her from 'harassment and intimidation' from her husband. She said she was married under 'duress' nearly a decade ago and her husband had subsequently 'raped' her. Lawyers representing the woman had staged an appeal after a lower-ranking family court judge refused to make a Forced Marriage Protection Order because the woman was neither 'physically present' in...more
Feb. 26, 2025, 8:40 p.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Notably, during North Korea’s CEDAW Committee review in 2016, one government official did not even seem to understand questions about 'marital rape' or what the term meant, and asked the committee to explain it. The same official also claimed that punishments for superiors coercing women into sex should be much less than in cases of rape involving outright physical violence, because, the official claimed, there is less of an impact on victims" (par. 7).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Notably, during North Korea’s CEDAW Committee review in 2016, one government official did not even seem to understand questions about 'marital rape' or what the term meant, and asked the committee to explain it. The same official also claimed that punishments for superiors coercing women into sex should be much less than in cases of rape involving outright physical violence, because, the official claimed, there is less of an impact on victims" (par. 7).
Feb. 21, 2025, 6:25 p.m.
Countries: Poland
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Over 10% of men in the study expressed deeply troubling views, with some believing that rape within marriage does not exist and that a wife should always agree to her husband’s sexual demands" (para 3). "The Kantar study found that 13% of men believe that 'when it comes to sex, a wife should always agree to what the husband wants,' and 11% believe that 'rape in marriage does not exist'" (para 6).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Over 10% of men in the study expressed deeply troubling views, with some believing that rape within marriage does not exist and that a wife should always agree to her husband’s sexual demands" (para 3). "The Kantar study found that 13% of men believe that 'when it comes to sex, a wife should always agree to what the husband wants,' and 11% believe that 'rape in marriage does not exist'" (para 6).
Feb. 19, 2025, 6:02 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[J]udges can impose prison sentences for sexual assault in cases where a married woman has alleged rape. But many don’t, Nundy said. 'They say, ‘if rape is exempt, then why should we find a way to use criminal law to deal with it?’' Nundy said, adding that the law must be 'specifically tailored to cover the prohibited act.' 'Otherwise nobody gets justice. Neither the victim, nor the alleged perpetrator,' she said. Married women are also 'ignored' when they try to file a police complaint, Nundy added. A study published in the National Library of Medicine journal 'Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters' last year suggested the same. The study examined records...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[J]udges can impose prison sentences for sexual assault in cases where a married woman has alleged rape. But many don’t, Nundy said. 'They say, ‘if rape is exempt, then why should we find a way to use criminal law to deal with it?’' Nundy said, adding that the law must be 'specifically tailored to cover the prohibited act.' 'Otherwise nobody gets justice. Neither the victim, nor the alleged perpetrator,' she said. Married women are also 'ignored' when they try to file a police complaint, Nundy added. A study published in the National Library of Medicine journal 'Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters' last year suggested the same. The study examined records...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:38 a.m.
Countries: South Sudan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"For women, customary laws tend to prevail, with rape cases - where reported - handled by community elders. Impunity for perpetrators is also due to a weak legal system, consisting of a mixture of formal and customary laws" (para 4).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"For women, customary laws tend to prevail, with rape cases - where reported - handled by community elders. Impunity for perpetrators is also due to a weak legal system, consisting of a mixture of formal and customary laws" (para 4).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, SAB-PRACTICE-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape. At the forefront are organizations like the Save Indian Family Foundation, which, in its words, aspires to 'expose and create awareness about large scale violations of Civil Liberties and Human Rights in the name of women’s empowerment in India'" (para 43).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, SAB-PRACTICE-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape. At the forefront are organizations like the Save Indian Family Foundation, which, in its words, aspires to 'expose and create awareness about large scale violations of Civil Liberties and Human Rights in the name of women’s empowerment in India'" (para 43).
Nov. 16, 2024, 2:55 p.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"For women, customary laws tend to prevail, with rape cases - where reported - handled by community elders. Impunity for perpetrators is also due to a weak legal system, consisting of a mixture of formal and customary laws" (para 4).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"For women, customary laws tend to prevail, with rape cases - where reported - handled by community elders. Impunity for perpetrators is also due to a weak legal system, consisting of a mixture of formal and customary laws" (para 4).
April 9, 2024, 9:31 p.m.
Countries: Cuba
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Re-victimization and lack of gender sensitivity on the part of legal operators, investigators and medical and medical-legal personnel are considered among the main obstacles for victims to come to denounce in the first place and, second, when they do, the complaints prosper or do not end, as in the Bécquer case, with a sanction that is discordant to the events. Testimonials in this regard abound. State recognition of the problem, too" (para 15).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Re-victimization and lack of gender sensitivity on the part of legal operators, investigators and medical and medical-legal personnel are considered among the main obstacles for victims to come to denounce in the first place and, second, when they do, the complaints prosper or do not end, as in the Bécquer case, with a sanction that is discordant to the events. Testimonials in this regard abound. State recognition of the problem, too" (para 15).
Jan. 21, 2024, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, MARR-LAW-5
"Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not 'withhold herself' from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband" (para 15).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, MARR-LAW-5
"Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not 'withhold herself' from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband" (para 15).
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"...contrary to public opinion...marital rape is prohibited" (15). Because many people are seemingly unaware that marital rape is prohibited, it is implied that the laws against marital rape are not well enforced (AMC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"...contrary to public opinion...marital rape is prohibited" (15). Because many people are seemingly unaware that marital rape is prohibited, it is implied that the laws against marital rape are not well enforced (AMC - CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In 2019, the Penal Code [was amended] to repeal martial immunity for rape without qualification, which protects all women from sexual abuse, regardless of their relationship to the perpetrator" (3). "The full, unqualified repeal of marital immunity for rape will equally protect all women from sexual abuse, regardless of their relationship to the perpetrator" (35).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"In 2019, the Penal Code [was amended] to repeal martial immunity for rape without qualification, which protects all women from sexual abuse, regardless of their relationship to the perpetrator" (3). "The full, unqualified repeal of marital immunity for rape will equally protect all women from sexual abuse, regardless of their relationship to the perpetrator" (35).
Sept. 25, 2023, 8:02 a.m.
Countries: Guyana
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape and domestic violence. The law provides stringent penalties for rape, with life imprisonment as the maximum penalty" (8).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape and domestic violence. The law provides stringent penalties for rape, with life imprisonment as the maximum penalty" (8).
Sept. 22, 2023, 8:51 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases" (18).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases" (18).
Aug. 15, 2023, 5:22 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he law does not protect against spousal rape unless the couple is separated, in the process of divorce, or if there is a restraining order in place" (12).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he law does not protect against spousal rape unless the couple is separated, in the process of divorce, or if there is a restraining order in place" (12).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Despite the efforts made by the State in this area, difficulties in access to the law and justice remain an undeniable reality because a large part of the female population cannot afford the cost of services provided by court officials (deposits, bailiffs’ fees, lawyers’ fees)." (5). "Article 34-2 of Organic Act No. 2017-09 of 17 January 2017 on the Supreme Court states: 'The petitioner of a cassation appeal shall be required to submit a deposit to cover the payment of fixed stamp and registration duties. Failure to do so shall result in the petitioner being barred and, consequently, forfeiting the appeal. Except in cases provided for in other laws, legal...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Despite the efforts made by the State in this area, difficulties in access to the law and justice remain an undeniable reality because a large part of the female population cannot afford the cost of services provided by court officials (deposits, bailiffs’ fees, lawyers’ fees)." (5). "Article 34-2 of Organic Act No. 2017-09 of 17 January 2017 on the Supreme Court states: 'The petitioner of a cassation appeal shall be required to submit a deposit to cover the payment of fixed stamp and registration duties. Failure to do so shall result in the petitioner being barred and, consequently, forfeiting the appeal. Except in cases provided for in other laws, legal...more
July 30, 2023, 5:25 a.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, ATFPA-LAW-1
"Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not 'withhold herself' from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband." (Parag. 14)
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, ATFPA-LAW-1
"Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not 'withhold herself' from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband." (Parag. 14)
July 25, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-2
"[T]he law on the prevention of domestic violence [needs to be reviewed] and criminalize all forms of gender-based violence, including domestic violence and marital rape, to facilitate the process of obtaining protection orders and to ensure that victims/survivors of domestic violence have access to effective remedies and that perpetrators are held accountable" (8). This indicates that some forms of violence are criminalized and protective orders are not currently available to victims (MV- coder comment).
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-2
"[T]he law on the prevention of domestic violence [needs to be reviewed] and criminalize all forms of gender-based violence, including domestic violence and marital rape, to facilitate the process of obtaining protection orders and to ensure that victims/survivors of domestic violence have access to effective remedies and that perpetrators are held accountable" (8). This indicates that some forms of violence are criminalized and protective orders are not currently available to victims (MV- coder comment).
July 12, 2023, 10:28 p.m.
Countries: Saudi Arabia
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, SAB-LAW-1
""Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not “withhold herself” from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband." (Parag. 14)
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, SAB-LAW-1
""Once married, a Saudi woman must obey her husband. She may not “withhold herself” from her husband. She must breastfeed her children; this is a legal obligation owed to her husband." (Parag. 14)
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Both MOGFSS and the FPA are increasing efforts to partner with the Ministry of Islamic Affairs to mobilise gender equality champions among religious leaders on key concepts, including marital rape." (12). "Gender sensitization of officers enrolled in the Maldives Police Service was conducted over a four-month period in 2017, reaching a total of 219 police officers. In addition, MOGFSS conducted Training of Trainers on Gender Equality of senior officials for both government and government companies." (12)(NF - CODER COMMENT - Training provided to officers may help in the reporting process since officers will now have a better understanding of how to deal with victims). "The AGO and the PGO, as...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Both MOGFSS and the FPA are increasing efforts to partner with the Ministry of Islamic Affairs to mobilise gender equality champions among religious leaders on key concepts, including marital rape." (12). "Gender sensitization of officers enrolled in the Maldives Police Service was conducted over a four-month period in 2017, reaching a total of 219 police officers. In addition, MOGFSS conducted Training of Trainers on Gender Equality of senior officials for both government and government companies." (12)(NF - CODER COMMENT - Training provided to officers may help in the reporting process since officers will now have a better understanding of how to deal with victims). "The AGO and the PGO, as...more
June 20, 2023, 9:30 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Special Police Units for Women had been operating in Nicaragua since 1996 to support women, children and adolescents in situations of domestic and sexual violence. In 2006, this became a national specialism when the Directorate of the Special Police Unit for Women and Children was created (provision 023/06). In 2007, investigation, prevention, information and criminal analysis were enhanced. The work of the special units received national and international recognition in 2012. All psychologists have specialized as forensic psychologists and all social workers have received specialist training in social inquiry. The network of promoters and volunteers has been expanded, with 4,080 trained in prevention and victim support at 162 of the...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Special Police Units for Women had been operating in Nicaragua since 1996 to support women, children and adolescents in situations of domestic and sexual violence. In 2006, this became a national specialism when the Directorate of the Special Police Unit for Women and Children was created (provision 023/06). In 2007, investigation, prevention, information and criminal analysis were enhanced. The work of the special units received national and international recognition in 2012. All psychologists have specialized as forensic psychologists and all social workers have received specialist training in social inquiry. The network of promoters and volunteers has been expanded, with 4,080 trained in prevention and victim support at 162 of the...more
May 19, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Nigeria
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"While many of the affected girls as young as age 4 got married to men old enough to be their grandfathers, others were forcefully raped by their new husbands and got pregnant before becoming teenagers" (Para.5). "For Beatrice Okumo, she was sold to her parents’ creditor after they had gotten a badly-needed loan from him to settle some hospital bills. She was later used as collateral for their debts. The creditor was even older than Beatrice’s father. She was told that she was going to take care of a baby and not that she was given as debt settlement. At the age of 11, the creditor-husband overpowered and forced himself...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"While many of the affected girls as young as age 4 got married to men old enough to be their grandfathers, others were forcefully raped by their new husbands and got pregnant before becoming teenagers" (Para.5). "For Beatrice Okumo, she was sold to her parents’ creditor after they had gotten a badly-needed loan from him to settle some hospital bills. She was later used as collateral for their debts. The creditor was even older than Beatrice’s father. She was told that she was going to take care of a baby and not that she was given as debt settlement. At the age of 11, the creditor-husband overpowered and forced himself...more
April 19, 2023, 5:18 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Kereen Odate, Acting Director at the Center for Women’s Development at Medgar Evers College in New York, says black women are reluctant to discuss sexual and domestic abuse for fear of 'vilifying the black man.'" (para 27). "Odate says there has always been something of an unexplored history of sexually dysfunctional behavior in the black community that dates back to slavery. For example, Odate cites mating practices that forced black male slaves to have intercourse with female slaves as the origin of shame that keeps black communities silence about domestic and sexual abuse to this very day. 'You were raped,' Odate says, 'but you weren’t raped because it was for...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"Kereen Odate, Acting Director at the Center for Women’s Development at Medgar Evers College in New York, says black women are reluctant to discuss sexual and domestic abuse for fear of 'vilifying the black man.'" (para 27). "Odate says there has always been something of an unexplored history of sexually dysfunctional behavior in the black community that dates back to slavery. For example, Odate cites mating practices that forced black male slaves to have intercourse with female slaves as the origin of shame that keeps black communities silence about domestic and sexual abuse to this very day. 'You were raped,' Odate says, 'but you weren’t raped because it was for...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[I]n 2017, the legislation adopted included:...the Natural and Legal Persons’ Petitions Act (new version) of 11 September 2017... "(3)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The law stipulates that women should not be rejected from voicing their concers. This also prohibits government officials from refusing to provide hotlines, conferences, or other forms of communication to citizens. Under this law, the government cannot shut down hotlines). "...and in 2019 the legislation adopted included: the Protection of Victims, Witnesses and Other Participants in Criminal Proceedings Act of 14 January 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This act protects not only the victim(s), but also their family, witnesses, prosecutors/defenders, and others invovled in the case). "Uzbekistan...more
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"[I]n 2017, the legislation adopted included:...the Natural and Legal Persons’ Petitions Act (new version) of 11 September 2017... "(3)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The law stipulates that women should not be rejected from voicing their concers. This also prohibits government officials from refusing to provide hotlines, conferences, or other forms of communication to citizens. Under this law, the government cannot shut down hotlines). "...and in 2019 the legislation adopted included: the Protection of Victims, Witnesses and Other Participants in Criminal Proceedings Act of 14 January 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This act protects not only the victim(s), but also their family, witnesses, prosecutors/defenders, and others invovled in the case). "Uzbekistan...more
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The lack of progress made in ensuring that gender-based violence against women in the domestic sphere and marital rape are explicitly criminalized in national legislation" (6).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1
"The lack of progress made in ensuring that gender-based violence against women in the domestic sphere and marital rape are explicitly criminalized in national legislation" (6).
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]here was not a single reported case of marital rape qualified as a criminal offense. Prosecutors treated such cases as 'sexual harassment' in accordance with the Law on Protection from Domestic Violence" (12).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]here was not a single reported case of marital rape qualified as a criminal offense. Prosecutors treated such cases as 'sexual harassment' in accordance with the Law on Protection from Domestic Violence" (12).