Latest items for LRCM-LAW-2
Oct. 4, 2026, 10:04 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:53 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[T]he law fails to criminalise domestic violence, does not prohibit marital rape, and only allows abortion if it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman" (142).
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:37 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law stipulated different minimum ages for marriage based on religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists was 18, while the minimum age for non-Buddhists was 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child marriage occurred, especially in rural areas. There were no reliable statistics on forced marriage" (46)
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law stipulated different minimum ages for marriage based on religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists was 18, while the minimum age for non-Buddhists was 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child marriage occurred, especially in rural areas. There were no reliable statistics on forced marriage" (46)
Oct. 4, 2026, 9:34 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison. The law prohibited committing bodily harm against another person, but there were no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal abuse unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage. Overlapping and at times contradictory legal provisions complicated implementation of these limited protections" (41-42).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison. The law prohibited committing bodily harm against another person, but there were no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal abuse unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage. Overlapping and at times contradictory legal provisions complicated implementation of these limited protections" (41-42).
Sept. 29, 2026, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"...Article 236 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China does not explicitly stipulate that the husband cannot be considered the subject of the crime of rape. Consequently, marital rape constitutes an obstacle to the crime of rape and is not guilty of the law" (200).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"...Article 236 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China does not explicitly stipulate that the husband cannot be considered the subject of the crime of rape. Consequently, marital rape constitutes an obstacle to the crime of rape and is not guilty of the law" (200).
Sept. 29, 2026, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is neither a criminal nor civil offense under current Chinese law" (para 4).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is neither a criminal nor civil offense under current Chinese law" (para 4).
Sept. 23, 2026, 10:33 a.m.
Countries: Cape Verde
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law implicitly covered spousal rape; penalties for conviction ranged from one to five years’ imprisonment" (8).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law implicitly covered spousal rape; penalties for conviction ranged from one to five years’ imprisonment" (8).
Sept. 23, 2026, 10:22 a.m.
Countries: Cape Verde
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is not recognized by law as a criminal defense: It is neither an aggravating circumstance, nor is it explicitly criminalized" (para 4).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is not recognized by law as a criminal defense: It is neither an aggravating circumstance, nor is it explicitly criminalized" (para 4).
Sept. 21, 2026, 10:23 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“In the end, marital rape was criminalised in all Australian jurisdictions, starting with a partial criminalisation in South Australia in 1976, with full criminalisation starting in New South Wales and Victoria in 1981. Queensland was the last state to criminalise marital rape in 1989, with the Northern Territory following in 1994” (para 25).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“In the end, marital rape was criminalised in all Australian jurisdictions, starting with a partial criminalisation in South Australia in 1976, with full criminalisation starting in New South Wales and Victoria in 1981. Queensland was the last state to criminalise marital rape in 1989, with the Northern Territory following in 1994” (para 25).
Sept. 21, 2026, 10:17 p.m.
Countries: Armenia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“Is marital rape criminalized? Yes. Although Armenian law does not include a specific provision, authorities punish marital rape under Article 138 of the Criminal Code. (U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014, Armenia). Armenian Criminal Code – Article 138: 1. Rape, sexual intercourse of a man with a woman against her will, using violence against the latter or some other person, with threat thereof, or taking advantage of the woman’s helpless situation, is punished with imprisonment for the term of 3 to 6 years. 2. The rape which: 1) was done by a group of persons; 2) was done against the aggrieved or other person with...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“Is marital rape criminalized? Yes. Although Armenian law does not include a specific provision, authorities punish marital rape under Article 138 of the Criminal Code. (U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014, Armenia). Armenian Criminal Code – Article 138: 1. Rape, sexual intercourse of a man with a woman against her will, using violence against the latter or some other person, with threat thereof, or taking advantage of the woman’s helpless situation, is punished with imprisonment for the term of 3 to 6 years. 2. The rape which: 1) was done by a group of persons; 2) was done against the aggrieved or other person with...more
Sept. 8, 2026, 7:19 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Mrs Davis [Ann Marie Davis, wife of the Bahamian Prime Minister] has said previously she supports criminalising marital rape and believes the government should move forward with legislation to do just that. In 2022, she said: 'We must agitate and hold our policy makers accountable. We want them to upgrade our laws and we really need that. Imagine, we are still living in a society where no does not mean no. How could that be? I tell you no and you think I mean yes. No, sir. Of course I’m talking about marital rape right. No means no.' Women’s rights activists have long criticised the status quo and have called...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Mrs Davis [Ann Marie Davis, wife of the Bahamian Prime Minister] has said previously she supports criminalising marital rape and believes the government should move forward with legislation to do just that. In 2022, she said: 'We must agitate and hold our policy makers accountable. We want them to upgrade our laws and we really need that. Imagine, we are still living in a society where no does not mean no. How could that be? I tell you no and you think I mean yes. No, sir. Of course I’m talking about marital rape right. No means no.' Women’s rights activists have long criticised the status quo and have called...more
Sept. 6, 2026, 6:28 p.m.
Countries: Azerbaijan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses Women: Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal, and conviction for it carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. Spousal rape is also illegal, but observers stated police did not effectively investigate such claims. " (p 42).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses Women: Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal, and conviction for it carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. Spousal rape is also illegal, but observers stated police did not effectively investigate such claims. " (p 42).
Sept. 5, 2026, 8:06 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses. Women: Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022" (p 12-13).more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses. Women: Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022" (p 12-13).more
Sept. 4, 2026, 8:11 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"About 1 in 5 (20%) people in 2021 did not know that it is a criminal offence for a man to have sex with his wife without her consent, reporting that they were either unsure (9%) or thought it was not a criminal offence (11%). Historically, sexual assault in marriage was not explicitly criminalised in many countries. In Australia, from 1976 into the 1980s, legislation was enacted to make it clear that sexual assault in marriage is against the law (Coumarelos et al. 2023b; Larcombe and Heath 2012)" (para 19). This information indicates there is a presence of laws on marital rape in Australia (MR-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"About 1 in 5 (20%) people in 2021 did not know that it is a criminal offence for a man to have sex with his wife without her consent, reporting that they were either unsure (9%) or thought it was not a criminal offence (11%). Historically, sexual assault in marriage was not explicitly criminalised in many countries. In Australia, from 1976 into the 1980s, legislation was enacted to make it clear that sexual assault in marriage is against the law (Coumarelos et al. 2023b; Larcombe and Heath 2012)" (para 19). This information indicates there is a presence of laws on marital rape in Australia (MR-CODER COMMENT).
Sept. 3, 2026, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Armenia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was a criminal offense, and conviction carried a maximum prison sentence of 15 years; general rape statutes applied to the prosecution of spousal rape" (p 41).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was a criminal offense, and conviction carried a maximum prison sentence of 15 years; general rape statutes applied to the prosecution of spousal rape" (p 41).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:18 p.m.
Countries: Nigeria
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iii) Marital rape: A further gap is that, in conformity with customary law, the Northern Nigeria Penal Code and Criminal Code do not recognise marital rape as rape. And the Penal Code of Northern Nigeria provides that an assault by a man on a woman is not an offense if they are married, if native law or custom recognises such “correction” as lawful, and if there...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iii) Marital rape: A further gap is that, in conformity with customary law, the Northern Nigeria Penal Code and Criminal Code do not recognise marital rape as rape. And the Penal Code of Northern Nigeria provides that an assault by a man on a woman is not an offense if they are married, if native law or custom recognises such “correction” as lawful, and if there...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:15 p.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “While law No 15-19 is a positive step, it does not criminalise marital rape. Moreover, the ‘pardon or forgiveness’ for men exposes women to threats and further violence from the spouse or relatives” (31). “Law No 15-19 needs to be amended to criminalise marital rape and to remove the clause of ‘forgiveness or pardon’” (31).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “While law No 15-19 is a positive step, it does not criminalise marital rape. Moreover, the ‘pardon or forgiveness’ for men exposes women to threats and further violence from the spouse or relatives” (31). “Law No 15-19 needs to be amended to criminalise marital rape and to remove the clause of ‘forgiveness or pardon’” (31).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:11 p.m.
Countries: Tunisia
Variables: IMSTD-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, CL-PRACTICE-1
“(ii) Discriminatory laws: Article 23 of Book 1 of the Code of Personal Status provides that a wife must fulfil her duties in line with ‘usages and customs’. This provision can be disadvantageous to women since Tunisia is still a patriarchal society which expects women to care for their husbands. The Article also puts women at risk of marital rape since a woman’s traditional role includes her pleasing her husband sexually. According to Articles 57 and 154 of the Code of Personal Status, both parents have custody. However, the father remains their legal guardian even if the judge determines custody on a case-by-case basis. The father is also the head...more
Variables: IMSTD-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2, CL-PRACTICE-1
“(ii) Discriminatory laws: Article 23 of Book 1 of the Code of Personal Status provides that a wife must fulfil her duties in line with ‘usages and customs’. This provision can be disadvantageous to women since Tunisia is still a patriarchal society which expects women to care for their husbands. The Article also puts women at risk of marital rape since a woman’s traditional role includes her pleasing her husband sexually. According to Articles 57 and 154 of the Code of Personal Status, both parents have custody. However, the father remains their legal guardian even if the judge determines custody on a case-by-case basis. The father is also the head...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:09 p.m.
Countries: Gambia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iv) Marital rape: Finally,while the Sexual Offences Act is generally progressive, it explicitly permits marital rape, providing that “rape shall not apply to married couples.” This is a violation of married women’s rights to equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (83).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iv) Marital rape: Finally,while the Sexual Offences Act is generally progressive, it explicitly permits marital rape, providing that “rape shall not apply to married couples.” This is a violation of married women’s rights to equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (83).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:08 p.m.
Countries: Tanzania
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countries such as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iii) Marital rape: Marital rape is only criminalised upon separation since rape is defined as a male person having “sexual intercourse with a girl or woman under circumstances falling under any of the following descriptions: (a) not being his wife or being his wife who is separated from him without her consenting to it at the time of the sexual intercourse…” This greatly undermines women’s...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countries such as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “(iii) Marital rape: Marital rape is only criminalised upon separation since rape is defined as a male person having “sexual intercourse with a girl or woman under circumstances falling under any of the following descriptions: (a) not being his wife or being his wife who is separated from him without her consenting to it at the time of the sexual intercourse…” This greatly undermines women’s...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:08 p.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “The Criminal Act prohibits rape, though marital rape is not prohibited and women in Muslim marriages are expected to obey their husbands. The Penal Code prohibits female genital mutilation” (77).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “The Criminal Act prohibits rape, though marital rape is not prohibited and women in Muslim marriages are expected to obey their husbands. The Penal Code prohibits female genital mutilation” (77).
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:04 p.m.
Countries: South Africa
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1
“(iv) Violence against women: One of the greatest challenges facing women in South Africa, within and outside of family structures, is gender-based violence. The State has taken progressive steps to curb gender-based violence, including the enactment of the Domestic Violence Amendment Act, Criminal and Related Matters Amendment Act, Criminal Law(Sexual Offences and Other Related Matters) Amendment Act, which among other thingsrepealed the common lawoffences of rape and indecent assault and replaced them with new expanded statutory offences of rape and indecent assault, applicable to all forms of sexual penetration or violation without consent, irrespective of gender. The Act also created an expanded list of sexual offences and eliminated the differentiation...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1
“(iv) Violence against women: One of the greatest challenges facing women in South Africa, within and outside of family structures, is gender-based violence. The State has taken progressive steps to curb gender-based violence, including the enactment of the Domestic Violence Amendment Act, Criminal and Related Matters Amendment Act, Criminal Law(Sexual Offences and Other Related Matters) Amendment Act, which among other thingsrepealed the common lawoffences of rape and indecent assault and replaced them with new expanded statutory offences of rape and indecent assault, applicable to all forms of sexual penetration or violation without consent, irrespective of gender. The Act also created an expanded list of sexual offences and eliminated the differentiation...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 2:01 p.m.
Countries: Mozambique
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “In 2009, the government adopted a Domestic Violence Law that prohibits violence against women, including marital rape” (63).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“While countriessuch as Mozambique expressly prohibit marital rape, there is a gap when it comes to criminalisation of marital rape in countries such as Algeria, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and The Gambia, which leads to violations of women’s equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy” (13). “In 2009, the government adopted a Domestic Violence Law that prohibits violence against women, including marital rape” (63).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:59 p.m.
Countries: Malawi
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“(ii) Marital rape: Another key gap in Malawi’s laws relates to marital rape, which is not unequivocally outlawed. Malawi’s Penal Code defines rape as unlawful carnal knowledge with a woman or girl without her consent, however, courts have held that this does not extend to marriage: “The question has been raised whether a wife can lawfully refuse intercourse at any time, that is to say, irrespective of custom and place, etc. in this connection, it would seem reasonable for a respectable wife to refuse her husband, e.g., in a public place in front of other people. But in a normal way, I doubt whether she can do so... It has...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“(ii) Marital rape: Another key gap in Malawi’s laws relates to marital rape, which is not unequivocally outlawed. Malawi’s Penal Code defines rape as unlawful carnal knowledge with a woman or girl without her consent, however, courts have held that this does not extend to marriage: “The question has been raised whether a wife can lawfully refuse intercourse at any time, that is to say, irrespective of custom and place, etc. in this connection, it would seem reasonable for a respectable wife to refuse her husband, e.g., in a public place in front of other people. But in a normal way, I doubt whether she can do so... It has...more
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:58 p.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“(v) Marital rape: While the Sexual Offenses Act expands the definition of sexual offenses, it does not protect women from marital rape” (58).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
“(v) Marital rape: While the Sexual Offenses Act expands the definition of sexual offenses, it does not protect women from marital rape” (58).
Aug. 20, 2026, 1:54 p.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-3
“With regard to gender-based violence, the Penal Code was amended in June 2019 with the strengthening of the criminalisation and repression of several forms of violence: female genital mutilation and forced and early marriages. It contains some provisions that can be used in case of domestic violence such as Article 342 on murder, Article 345 on assault and battery, Article 353 on involuntary manslaughter or unintentional injury, Article 354 on rape, Article 373 on attack on individual freedom and Article 387 on abandonment of family. The country also adopted a National Strategy for Combating Gender-Based Violence (2014-2016). Act No. 2021- 894 further addresses measures to protect victims of domestic violence,...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-3
“With regard to gender-based violence, the Penal Code was amended in June 2019 with the strengthening of the criminalisation and repression of several forms of violence: female genital mutilation and forced and early marriages. It contains some provisions that can be used in case of domestic violence such as Article 342 on murder, Article 345 on assault and battery, Article 353 on involuntary manslaughter or unintentional injury, Article 354 on rape, Article 373 on attack on individual freedom and Article 387 on abandonment of family. The country also adopted a National Strategy for Combating Gender-Based Violence (2014-2016). Act No. 2021- 894 further addresses measures to protect victims of domestic violence,...more
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:55 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape of men and women; however, spousal rape was not a crime. The maximum penalty for an initial rape conviction was seven years in prison. The maximum sentence for subsequent rape convictions was life imprisonment. The Domestic Violence (Protection) Orders Act protected heterosexual partners against domestic and sexual violence. Similar protections were not available for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The government generally enforced the law effectively, although activists suspected heterosexual and homosexual rape were underreported” (13).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law criminalized rape of men and women; however, spousal rape was not a crime. The maximum penalty for an initial rape conviction was seven years in prison. The maximum sentence for subsequent rape convictions was life imprisonment. The Domestic Violence (Protection) Orders Act protected heterosexual partners against domestic and sexual violence. Similar protections were not available for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons. The government generally enforced the law effectively, although activists suspected heterosexual and homosexual rape were underreported” (13).
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:52 p.m.
Countries: Azerbaijan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was illegal, and conviction carried a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. The government enforced the law in some cases but not others such as spousal rape, resulting in inadequate enforcement of the law” (52).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, was illegal, and conviction carried a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. The government enforced the law in some cases but not others such as spousal rape, resulting in inadequate enforcement of the law” (52).
Aug. 12, 2026, 1:49 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022” (12-13).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, was punishable by up to 15 years’ imprisonment; domestic violence was punishable under the criminal code provisions for murder, rape, sexual abuse, and bodily injury. The government generally enforced the law, and the law enforcement response to rape and domestic violence was generally effective. In May, two of three Afghan men involved in the 2021 drugging, rape, and murder of a girl, age 13, were convicted of rape and murder; they received sentences of life and 20 years. The third man involved was convicted in December 2022” (12-13).
Aug. 11, 2026, 2:35 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women and men, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. The laws of individual states and territories provided the penalties for rape. Maximum penalties ranged from 12 years to life imprisonment, depending on the jurisdiction and aggravating factors” (12).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
“The law criminalized rape of women and men, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. The laws of individual states and territories provided the penalties for rape. Maximum penalties ranged from 12 years to life imprisonment, depending on the jurisdiction and aggravating factors” (12).