Latest items for LRCM-LAW-2
June 30, 2026, 5:22 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime. By law, formal courts tried all rape cases and the minimum sentence for rape was 10 years’ imprisonment" (13).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime. By law, formal courts tried all rape cases and the minimum sentence for rape was 10 years’ imprisonment" (13).
June 30, 2026, 5:14 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"There are about 36 nations that have not made marital rape a crime. India is one among them. Others include Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Algeria, and Botswana" (para 12).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"There are about 36 nations that have not made marital rape a crime. India is one among them. Others include Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Algeria, and Botswana" (para 12).
June 30, 2026, 5:07 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Even though the Domestic Violence Act recognises that sexual violence can take place between married persons by defining domestic relationship to include a relationship between persons who are married to each other, it does not however criminalise marital rape. This is because according to section 6 of the Act, the proceedings under the Act are heard as a civil case between the parties. The Act does not create criminal offences as these are provided for under the Penal Code which however does not criminalise marital rape. The effectiveness of the Act therefore goes only as far as acknowledging that married couples can violate each other" (27).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Even though the Domestic Violence Act recognises that sexual violence can take place between married persons by defining domestic relationship to include a relationship between persons who are married to each other, it does not however criminalise marital rape. This is because according to section 6 of the Act, the proceedings under the Act are heard as a civil case between the parties. The Act does not create criminal offences as these are provided for under the Penal Code which however does not criminalise marital rape. The effectiveness of the Act therefore goes only as far as acknowledging that married couples can violate each other" (27).
June 30, 2026, 5:01 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape was not recognised as an offense under either the Botswana Penal Code or Domestic Violence Act" (para 68).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape was not recognised as an offense under either the Botswana Penal Code or Domestic Violence Act" (para 68).
June 30, 2026, 4:53 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2008, the Botswana Parliament passed the Domestic Violence Act to protect abused persons. Unfortunately, the Act does not address marital rape. . . The Domestic Violence Act recommends that marital rape needs to be recognised by Botswana Law" (301).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2008, the Botswana Parliament passed the Domestic Violence Act to protect abused persons. Unfortunately, the Act does not address marital rape. . . The Domestic Violence Act recommends that marital rape needs to be recognised by Botswana Law" (301).
June 30, 2026, 4:38 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Although customary law recognizes rape, it does not recognize spousal rape, nor does it explicitly prohibit domestic violence against women. While constitutional law no longer designates men as the legal head of households, this principle does not extend to customary law. Rather, customary law permits husbands to treat their wives as minor children, encourages corporal punishment as form of marital discipline, and denies mothers custodial rights over children born out of wedlock" (17).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Although customary law recognizes rape, it does not recognize spousal rape, nor does it explicitly prohibit domestic violence against women. While constitutional law no longer designates men as the legal head of households, this principle does not extend to customary law. Rather, customary law permits husbands to treat their wives as minor children, encourages corporal punishment as form of marital discipline, and denies mothers custodial rights over children born out of wedlock" (17).
June 27, 2026, 12:09 p.m.
Countries: Burkina Faso
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533-10 of the Criminal Code defines and criminalizes rape as follows: 'Any act of sexual penetration, whatever its nature, committed against another person using violence, coercion, threat or surprise, constitutes rape. Rape is punishable by imprisonment of between 7 and 10 years, and a fine of between 600,000 and 2 million CFA francs.' Any woman, regardless of her marital status, may invoke this article before a judge...The following punishment for rape committed against an intimate and habitual partner is set out in article 533 -12: Where rape is committed repeatedly against an intimate and habitual partner with whom the perpetrator maintains stable and continuous sexual relations, or where the...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533-10 of the Criminal Code defines and criminalizes rape as follows: 'Any act of sexual penetration, whatever its nature, committed against another person using violence, coercion, threat or surprise, constitutes rape. Rape is punishable by imprisonment of between 7 and 10 years, and a fine of between 600,000 and 2 million CFA francs.' Any woman, regardless of her marital status, may invoke this article before a judge...The following punishment for rape committed against an intimate and habitual partner is set out in article 533 -12: Where rape is committed repeatedly against an intimate and habitual partner with whom the perpetrator maintains stable and continuous sexual relations, or where the...more
June 27, 2026, 11:19 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"There was no specific criminal law against spousal rape and domestic or intimate partner rape, so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, or the rape of men; authorities could prosecute spousal rape under the general rape statute, but rarely did so" (27).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"There was no specific criminal law against spousal rape and domestic or intimate partner rape, so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, or the rape of men; authorities could prosecute spousal rape under the general rape statute, but rarely did so" (27).
June 27, 2026, 11:07 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2, DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Rape of women and men was illegal but remained a significant problem, as the regime did not enforce the law effectively and reports emerged of sexual abuse of women in prisons by security guards. Rape of a woman outside of marriage carried a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison" (41-42).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-2, DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Rape of women and men was illegal but remained a significant problem, as the regime did not enforce the law effectively and reports emerged of sexual abuse of women in prisons by security guards. Rape of a woman outside of marriage carried a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. Spousal rape was not a crime unless the wife was younger than the legal age of marriage (which could vary according to ethnicity or religion), the penalty for which was a maximum of two years in prison" (41-42).
June 26, 2026, 6:59 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime" (15).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape without specifying gender but did not recognize spousal rape as a crime" (15).
June 25, 2026, 1:07 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[Brunei needs to] Amend the penal code to criminalize marital rape, indicating the status and content of proposed or enacted amendments" (4).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"[Brunei needs to] Amend the penal code to criminalize marital rape, indicating the status and content of proposed or enacted amendments" (4).
June 25, 2026, 12:37 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Secular law stipulated imprisonment from eight to 30 years plus caning with a minimum of 12 strokes as punishment for rape. The SPC provided stoning to death as the maximum punishment for rape. The punishment of stoning was not imposed. The law did not criminalize rape against men or spousal rape and explicitly stated that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife was not rape if she was not younger than 14 (or 15 if ethnic Chinese)" (22-23).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Secular law stipulated imprisonment from eight to 30 years plus caning with a minimum of 12 strokes as punishment for rape. The SPC provided stoning to death as the maximum punishment for rape. The punishment of stoning was not imposed. The law did not criminalize rape against men or spousal rape and explicitly stated that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife was not rape if she was not younger than 14 (or 15 if ethnic Chinese)" (22-23).
June 17, 2026, 10:29 a.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"Marital rape is starkly underreported and classified as a petty misdemeanour, carrying a maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment, whereas rape outside of marriage is criminalized as a third-degree felony, which carries a higher prison sentence" (7).
June 17, 2026, 10:11 a.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, and domestic and intimate partner violence. The maximum penalty for conviction of rape, including spousal rape, was 15 years in prison" (38).
June 14, 2026, 1:14 a.m.
Countries: Benin
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533 of the Penal Code6 defines rape as any act of sexual penetration, regardless its nature, committed against another person through violence, coercion, threat, or surprise. As per this definition of rape, proof of penetration could be required. . . Does the legal definition of rape include marital rape? Yes" (7).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Article 533 of the Penal Code6 defines rape as any act of sexual penetration, regardless its nature, committed against another person through violence, coercion, threat, or surprise. As per this definition of rape, proof of penetration could be required. . . Does the legal definition of rape include marital rape? Yes" (7).
June 13, 2026, 11:18 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belize, the law recognizes the occurrence of marital rape when sexual intercourse takes place between a husband and wife without the consent of the female under the specific circumstances: 1.) The spouses live separately and apart within the meaning of the Married Persons Act 2.) There is a written separation agreement between the spouses or proceedings for the dissolution of the marriage. 3.) A decree of nullity of marriage has been instituted" (para 22).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belize, the law recognizes the occurrence of marital rape when sexual intercourse takes place between a husband and wife without the consent of the female under the specific circumstances: 1.) The spouses live separately and apart within the meaning of the Married Persons Act 2.) There is a written separation agreement between the spouses or proceedings for the dissolution of the marriage. 3.) A decree of nullity of marriage has been instituted" (para 22).
June 13, 2026, 11:06 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape 36 of 1999. 46. Every person who commits rape or marital rape shall on conviction on indictment be imprisoned for a term which shall not be less than eight years but which may extend to imprisonment for life" (49)."Marital Rape defined 36 of 1999. 72.-(1) A male spouse commits marital rape against the female spouse if the first mentioned spouse has sexual intercourse with the other spouse in any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) of this section–(a) without the consent of the female spouse; and (b) knowing that the female spouse does not consent to sexual intercourse, or recklessly not caring whether the female spouse consents or...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape 36 of 1999. 46. Every person who commits rape or marital rape shall on conviction on indictment be imprisoned for a term which shall not be less than eight years but which may extend to imprisonment for life" (49)."Marital Rape defined 36 of 1999. 72.-(1) A male spouse commits marital rape against the female spouse if the first mentioned spouse has sexual intercourse with the other spouse in any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) of this section–(a) without the consent of the female spouse; and (b) knowing that the female spouse does not consent to sexual intercourse, or recklessly not caring whether the female spouse consents or...more
June 13, 2026, 10:50 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"One of the principal amendments [in 2014] was the new definition of rape as being the penetration of a person’s mouth, vagina, or anus, with a penis, without the person’s consent Code 72 of the Criminal Code creates the offence of marital rape but lists instances when it will be so classified . . . Marital rape is defined as where a man has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent and knows that she does not consent or is reckless as to whether she consents. The law only recognizes marital rape where: the parties are separated or where proceedings to dissolve the marriage or to have it annulledhas...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"One of the principal amendments [in 2014] was the new definition of rape as being the penetration of a person’s mouth, vagina, or anus, with a penis, without the person’s consent Code 72 of the Criminal Code creates the offence of marital rape but lists instances when it will be so classified . . . Marital rape is defined as where a man has sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent and knows that she does not consent or is reckless as to whether she consents. The law only recognizes marital rape where: the parties are separated or where proceedings to dissolve the marriage or to have it annulledhas...more
June 13, 2026, 2:44 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"However, despite the progress and work of NGOs, marital rape is still a legal exemption to the punishment of rape in the following countries: Belize, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Tanzania . . . Some countries, such as Belize, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Myanmar, have drafted legal reforms to expressively prohibit marital rape . . . In some jurisdictions, like Belize and Sri Lanka, marital rape is only prohibited when spouses are separated or when here has been physical assault, or a court’s order against the husband in the case of Belize" (526).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"However, despite the progress and work of NGOs, marital rape is still a legal exemption to the punishment of rape in the following countries: Belize, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Tanzania . . . Some countries, such as Belize, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Myanmar, have drafted legal reforms to expressively prohibit marital rape . . . In some jurisdictions, like Belize and Sri Lanka, marital rape is only prohibited when spouses are separated or when here has been physical assault, or a court’s order against the husband in the case of Belize" (526).
June 13, 2026, 2:25 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" According to Cardis (2022), although some efforts have been made to protect women from rape within their marriages, women are still not fully protected from marital rape because prohibitions are conditional in countries such as Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, and Belize" (17).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" According to Cardis (2022), although some efforts have been made to protect women from rape within their marriages, women are still not fully protected from marital rape because prohibitions are conditional in countries such as Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, and Belize" (17).
June 12, 2026, 3:45 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2022, Belgium adopted the Law amending the Penal Code with regard to sexual criminal law. Article 12 defines rape as ‘any act which consists of sexual penetration of any nature and by any means whatsoever, committed against a person or with the assistance of a person who does not consent’" (para 36).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In 2022, Belgium adopted the Law amending the Penal Code with regard to sexual criminal law. Article 12 defines rape as ‘any act which consists of sexual penetration of any nature and by any means whatsoever, committed against a person or with the assistance of a person who does not consent’" (para 36).
June 12, 2026, 2:59 p.m.
Countries: Bolivia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law established penalties of imprisonment for 15 to 20 years for the rape of an adult (man or woman), including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, but it was rarely enforced" (23).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law established penalties of imprisonment for 15 to 20 years for the rape of an adult (man or woman), including spousal and domestic or intimate partner rape and so-called corrective rape of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons, but it was rarely enforced" (23).
June 12, 2026, 2:41 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape and did not refer to gender in its definition of rape. In cases of rape involving minors, sentences for conviction ranged from five to 15 years in prison. In extreme cases, a person convicted of rape could be imprisoned for life. Spousal rape was illegal and prosecuted as a misdemeanor" (13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The law criminalized rape and did not refer to gender in its definition of rape. In cases of rape involving minors, sentences for conviction ranged from five to 15 years in prison. In extreme cases, a person convicted of rape could be imprisoned for life. Spousal rape was illegal and prosecuted as a misdemeanor" (13).
June 12, 2026, 2:35 p.m.
Countries: Bhutan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Bhutan, marital rape is explicitly recognised as an offence and penalised. Section 199 of the Bhutanese Penal Code defines marital rape as a coercive or forcible sexual intercourse within a marriage. Section 200 stipulates that a person guilty of marital rape shall have to undergo imprisonment for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of three years" (para 3).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Bhutan, marital rape is explicitly recognised as an offence and penalised. Section 199 of the Bhutanese Penal Code defines marital rape as a coercive or forcible sexual intercourse within a marriage. Section 200 stipulates that a person guilty of marital rape shall have to undergo imprisonment for a minimum period of one year and a maximum period of three years" (para 3).
June 8, 2026, 2:27 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" In 1986, the European Parliament Resolution on Violence against Women recommended for criminalization of Marital Rape, which was implemented immediately in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Belgium" (2).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
" In 1986, the European Parliament Resolution on Violence against Women recommended for criminalization of Marital Rape, which was implemented immediately in Germany, France, Luxembourg and Belgium" (2).
June 8, 2026, 1:14 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, is illegal, and the government prosecuted such cases" (12).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Rape of a person, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, is illegal, and the government prosecuted such cases" (12).
June 8, 2026, 12:55 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belgium, rape is ruled by article 375 of the Criminal Code (L. 04-07-1989, art. 1, 1°), according to which it is 'any act of sexual penetration, regardless of its nature and by whatever means, committed against a non-consenting person (…). Consent is not considered to have been given, if the crime is committed by violence, coercion or deceit, or is made possible by the infirmity or physical or mental impairment of the victim'. Marital rape is forbidden and condemned by the law as it represents an aggravating circumstance in cases of rape" (156).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"In Belgium, rape is ruled by article 375 of the Criminal Code (L. 04-07-1989, art. 1, 1°), according to which it is 'any act of sexual penetration, regardless of its nature and by whatever means, committed against a non-consenting person (…). Consent is not considered to have been given, if the crime is committed by violence, coercion or deceit, or is made possible by the infirmity or physical or mental impairment of the victim'. Marital rape is forbidden and condemned by the law as it represents an aggravating circumstance in cases of rape" (156).
June 1, 2026, 7 p.m.
Countries: Belgium
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
June 1, 2026, 5:38 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
"Are there laws or policies that: Explicitly criminalize marital rape - No"
June 1, 2026, 3:25 p.m.
Countries: Belarus
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
". Criminal liability for domestic violence and marital rape is still not established as the State does not see is as ‘an acute’ problem."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-2
". Criminal liability for domestic violence and marital rape is still not established as the State does not see is as ‘an acute’ problem."