Latest items for LRCM-LAW-1
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, ATDW-LAW-5
"At the end of the work, proposals were made to amend certain provisions of the Family Code...They concern, in particular, amendments to the provisions of the Family Code relating to...causes of divorce (article 166)..."(25)(NF - CODER COMMENT - Causes of divorce include: declared absence of one of the spouses; adultery on behalf of the husband; conviction of a crime one; Lack of maintenance of the wife by the husband; Refusal of one of the spouses to carry out the commitments made prior to marriage; Abandonment of the family or from the marital home; Ill-treatment, abuse or serious insults making existence in common impossible; Medically established definitive sterility; Serious and incurable...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, ATDW-LAW-5
"At the end of the work, proposals were made to amend certain provisions of the Family Code...They concern, in particular, amendments to the provisions of the Family Code relating to...causes of divorce (article 166)..."(25)(NF - CODER COMMENT - Causes of divorce include: declared absence of one of the spouses; adultery on behalf of the husband; conviction of a crime one; Lack of maintenance of the wife by the husband; Refusal of one of the spouses to carry out the commitments made prior to marriage; Abandonment of the family or from the marital home; Ill-treatment, abuse or serious insults making existence in common impossible; Medically established definitive sterility; Serious and incurable...more
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Regarding the Committee’s COs to adopt specific legislation, within a clear time frame, to criminalize marital rape without any exemptions, while Sexual Offences Act 2014 does not categorically criminalize marital rape, it allows for four circumstances of unacceptable sexual relations between the spouses, marking this as the first-time marital rape was identified in a law in the Maldives. These circumstances include: (i) while a case for dissolution of the marriage is in a court, (ii) while the divorce is pending in a court, (iii) sexual intercourse to intentionally transmit a communicable disease, and (iv) during a mutually agreed separation (without pending divorce proceedings). Further, under the new Penal Code, rape...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Regarding the Committee’s COs to adopt specific legislation, within a clear time frame, to criminalize marital rape without any exemptions, while Sexual Offences Act 2014 does not categorically criminalize marital rape, it allows for four circumstances of unacceptable sexual relations between the spouses, marking this as the first-time marital rape was identified in a law in the Maldives. These circumstances include: (i) while a case for dissolution of the marriage is in a court, (ii) while the divorce is pending in a court, (iii) sexual intercourse to intentionally transmit a communicable disease, and (iv) during a mutually agreed separation (without pending divorce proceedings). Further, under the new Penal Code, rape...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-2, IAD-LAW-1, AW-LAW-1
"Major steps have also been taken to eliminate outmoded national customs and traditions that hinder the advancement of women, and article 8 of the Family Code has been amended to state that, in the absence of appropriate norms in the legislation regulating family relations, local customs and traditions shall be applied that do not contradict the principles of Uzbek law." (16)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The regulations of family law and creating rules as to when customs and traditions should take the place of legislation can assist women in terms of divorce, marriage, and inheritance.).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-2, IAD-LAW-1, AW-LAW-1
"Major steps have also been taken to eliminate outmoded national customs and traditions that hinder the advancement of women, and article 8 of the Family Code has been amended to state that, in the absence of appropriate norms in the legislation regulating family relations, local customs and traditions shall be applied that do not contradict the principles of Uzbek law." (16)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The regulations of family law and creating rules as to when customs and traditions should take the place of legislation can assist women in terms of divorce, marriage, and inheritance.).
Feb. 18, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The ruling was made by Supreme Court Justice Denise Lewis-Johnson in a divorce case on Monday. Finding the actions of a husband who repeatedly forced himself on his wife 'cruel', Lewis-Johnson granted the woman a divorce" (Para.2-3).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The ruling was made by Supreme Court Justice Denise Lewis-Johnson in a divorce case on Monday. Finding the actions of a husband who repeatedly forced himself on his wife 'cruel', Lewis-Johnson granted the woman a divorce" (Para.2-3).
Jan. 12, 2023, 8:01 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2, ATDW-LAW-5
"Following the Proclama, the salient Divorce Law of 1988 was passed, permitting women to leave their toxic and/or abusive relationships" (para 14)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The implementation of this law insinuates that prior to its implementation, divorce on the grounds of toxic or abusive reasons were not enough/valid).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2, ATDW-LAW-5
"Following the Proclama, the salient Divorce Law of 1988 was passed, permitting women to leave their toxic and/or abusive relationships" (para 14)(NF - CODER COMMENT - The implementation of this law insinuates that prior to its implementation, divorce on the grounds of toxic or abusive reasons were not enough/valid).
Dec. 29, 2022, 6:41 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"[A] lot of women face forceful or non-consensual sexual intercourse with their husbands. In such a case, an aggrieved woman can…file a plea seeking divorce on the ground of cruelty under Section 13(1) of the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), 1955" (para 14). In 2021, the Kerala High Court held that marital rape is a valid ground for divorce regardless of its penal status in India. The Court held that, although not penalized in India, marital rape is a good and valid ground to claim divorce and that it falls under the ambit of physical and mental cruelty (para 15).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"[A] lot of women face forceful or non-consensual sexual intercourse with their husbands. In such a case, an aggrieved woman can…file a plea seeking divorce on the ground of cruelty under Section 13(1) of the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), 1955" (para 14). In 2021, the Kerala High Court held that marital rape is a valid ground for divorce regardless of its penal status in India. The Court held that, although not penalized in India, marital rape is a good and valid ground to claim divorce and that it falls under the ambit of physical and mental cruelty (para 15).
Jan. 27, 2022, 10:21 a.m.
Countries: Jamaica
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Married women do not have the same rights and protections as single women. The law criminalizes spousal rape only when one of the following criteria is met: the act occurs after legal separation or court proceedings to dissolve the marriage; the husband is under a court order not to molest or cohabit with his wife; or the husband knows he has a sexually transmitted disease. Legally, marriage implies sexual consent between husband and wife at all times"(11).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Married women do not have the same rights and protections as single women. The law criminalizes spousal rape only when one of the following criteria is met: the act occurs after legal separation or court proceedings to dissolve the marriage; the husband is under a court order not to molest or cohabit with his wife; or the husband knows he has a sexually transmitted disease. Legally, marriage implies sexual consent between husband and wife at all times"(11).
Jan. 7, 2022, 10:22 a.m.
Countries: Somalia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"According to Hafsa who was married off at 13. A woman does not have the right to divorce for being raped while married. Hafsa states: 'The man just slept with me, beating me always,' she said, sitting by her mother, who clutches her daughter tightly. 'I regretted I was born.' She was raped and beaten for two years before her parents convinced the man to divorce her" (1).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"According to Hafsa who was married off at 13. A woman does not have the right to divorce for being raped while married. Hafsa states: 'The man just slept with me, beating me always,' she said, sitting by her mother, who clutches her daughter tightly. 'I regretted I was born.' She was raped and beaten for two years before her parents convinced the man to divorce her" (1).
Oct. 28, 2021, 12:31 a.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law provides up to 15 years’ imprisonment for an adult convicted of sexual intercourse with a child younger than 14, the minimum age for consensual sex for both girls and boys" (Page 10).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law provides up to 15 years’ imprisonment for an adult convicted of sexual intercourse with a child younger than 14, the minimum age for consensual sex for both girls and boys" (Page 10).
Aug. 31, 2021, 6:27 p.m.
Countries: Albania
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime" (p 17).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime" (p 17).
Nov. 16, 2020, 5:11 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
"In the event a male perpetrator bound by marriage with a female victim has committed an act of domestic violence against the female victim, for the purposes of this Act, their marriage shall be dissolved at the request of the female victim where the court finds the existence of any of the following grounds which have been prescribed under Islamic Shari’ah as grounds under which “thafriq” is permissible:- (a) The seriousness of the act of domestic violence has caused an impediment to the resumption of a peaceful life between the male perpetrator and the female victim. (b) The protection and wellbeing of the female victim cannot be granted certainty due...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
"In the event a male perpetrator bound by marriage with a female victim has committed an act of domestic violence against the female victim, for the purposes of this Act, their marriage shall be dissolved at the request of the female victim where the court finds the existence of any of the following grounds which have been prescribed under Islamic Shari’ah as grounds under which “thafriq” is permissible:- (a) The seriousness of the act of domestic violence has caused an impediment to the resumption of a peaceful life between the male perpetrator and the female victim. (b) The protection and wellbeing of the female victim cannot be granted certainty due...more
Oct. 22, 2020, 2:22 p.m.
Countries: Armenia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Despite these amendments, however, there is still no provision on marital rape" (42).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Despite these amendments, however, there is still no provision on marital rape" (42).
Sept. 26, 2020, 4:34 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, MURDER-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2, ATDW-LAW-5, DSFMF-LAW-1, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-PRACTICE-2
“N. v. Sweden (no. 23505/09) (20 July 2010): The applicant, an Afghan national having an extra-marital affair with a man in Sweden, maintained that she risked social exclusion, long imprisonment or even death if returned to Afghanistan. Her applications for asylum were unsuccessful. The Court found that the applicant’s deportation from Sweden to Afghanistan would constitute a violation of Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) of the Convention. It noted that women were at particular risk of ill-treatment in Afghanistan if perceived as not conforming to the gender roles ascribed to them by society, tradition and even the legal system. The mere fact that the applicant...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, MURDER-PRACTICE-1, IIP-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2, ATDW-LAW-5, DSFMF-LAW-1, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-PRACTICE-2
“N. v. Sweden (no. 23505/09) (20 July 2010): The applicant, an Afghan national having an extra-marital affair with a man in Sweden, maintained that she risked social exclusion, long imprisonment or even death if returned to Afghanistan. Her applications for asylum were unsuccessful. The Court found that the applicant’s deportation from Sweden to Afghanistan would constitute a violation of Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) of the Convention. It noted that women were at particular risk of ill-treatment in Afghanistan if perceived as not conforming to the gender roles ascribed to them by society, tradition and even the legal system. The mere fact that the applicant...more
April 22, 2020, 5:16 p.m.
Countries: Lebanon
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"An earlier draft of the law included marital rape as a crime, but the provision was removed under pressure from religious authorities. As a form of compromise, the law criminalizes a spouse’s use of threats or violence to claim a 'marital right to intercourse' but does not criminalize the non-consensual violation of physical integrity itself" (112-113)."
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"An earlier draft of the law included marital rape as a crime, but the provision was removed under pressure from religious authorities. As a form of compromise, the law criminalizes a spouse’s use of threats or violence to claim a 'marital right to intercourse' but does not criminalize the non-consensual violation of physical integrity itself" (112-113)."
July 20, 2019, 8:20 a.m.
Countries: Syria
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"There are no laws against spousal rape" (Pg 44).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"There are no laws against spousal rape" (Pg 44).
July 19, 2019, 12:22 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"In July parliament passed the new criminal code that will not come into effect until 2018. In the meantime the existing law requires prison sentences for rape that vary between five and 15 years depending on the victim’s age. The law also mandates five years’ additional imprisonment in the case of gang rape, rape of pregnant women, or rape of a woman with disabilities. The victim’s compensation depends on the degree of mental and physical abuse. Under the 2015 Act to Amend Some Nepal Acts to Maintain Gender Equality and End Gender-Based Violence, the sentence for marital rape is three to five years’ imprisonment and the statute of limitations for...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"In July parliament passed the new criminal code that will not come into effect until 2018. In the meantime the existing law requires prison sentences for rape that vary between five and 15 years depending on the victim’s age. The law also mandates five years’ additional imprisonment in the case of gang rape, rape of pregnant women, or rape of a woman with disabilities. The victim’s compensation depends on the degree of mental and physical abuse. Under the 2015 Act to Amend Some Nepal Acts to Maintain Gender Equality and End Gender-Based Violence, the sentence for marital rape is three to five years’ imprisonment and the statute of limitations for...more
July 19, 2019, 9:48 a.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The legal definition of rape covers only forced penetration of sexual organs, and filing a case requires corroboration and a witness. Rape is punishable by four to 14 years in prison. While the government imprisoned perpetrators of rape and attempted rape, sentences were often light, and many convicted rapists received the minimum sentence. Marital rape is not a specific criminal offense under the penal code, but it is covered under 'forced sexual intercourse' in national legislation on domestic violence, and it can be punished with criminal penalties. Reliable nationwide statistics on the incidence of rape continued to be unavailable, although in June 2016, the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment announced the...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2
"The legal definition of rape covers only forced penetration of sexual organs, and filing a case requires corroboration and a witness. Rape is punishable by four to 14 years in prison. While the government imprisoned perpetrators of rape and attempted rape, sentences were often light, and many convicted rapists received the minimum sentence. Marital rape is not a specific criminal offense under the penal code, but it is covered under 'forced sexual intercourse' in national legislation on domestic violence, and it can be punished with criminal penalties. Reliable nationwide statistics on the incidence of rape continued to be unavailable, although in June 2016, the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment announced the...more
July 18, 2019, 12:24 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, although it does not specifically prohibit spousal rape. Rape is punishable by imprisonment with hard labor, but the law does not specify a minimum sentence. The government did not enforce the law effectively" (Pg 17).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, although it does not specifically prohibit spousal rape. Rape is punishable by imprisonment with hard labor, but the law does not specify a minimum sentence. The government did not enforce the law effectively" (Pg 17).
July 17, 2019, 2:14 p.m.
Countries: Cameroon
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape of men and women and provides penalties of between five and 10 years’ imprisonment for convicted rapists. Police and courts, however, rarely investigated or prosecuted rape cases, especially since victims often did not report them. The law does not address spousal rape" (Pg 26).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape of men and women and provides penalties of between five and 10 years’ imprisonment for convicted rapists. Police and courts, however, rarely investigated or prosecuted rape cases, especially since victims often did not report them. The law does not address spousal rape" (Pg 26).
July 14, 2019, 11:35 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Islamic courts recognized assault as grounds for divorce" (p. 15).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"Islamic courts recognized assault as grounds for divorce" (p. 15).
July 9, 2019, 2:45 p.m.
Countries: Zambia
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1, DV-LAW-2
"The Anti-Gender-based Violence Act of 2010 criminalizes spousal rape, and the penal code criminalizes domestic violence between spouses and among family members living in one home. The law provides for prosecution of most GBV crimes, and penalties for conviction of assault range from a fine to 25 years in prison, depending on the severity of injury and whether a weapon was used during the assault. The law requires medical reports prepared by certified practitioners for the prosecution of cases of violence against women (and also against men), but there were few certified practitioners in rural areas. The law provides for protection orders for victims of domestic and gender violence, and...more
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1, DV-LAW-2
"The Anti-Gender-based Violence Act of 2010 criminalizes spousal rape, and the penal code criminalizes domestic violence between spouses and among family members living in one home. The law provides for prosecution of most GBV crimes, and penalties for conviction of assault range from a fine to 25 years in prison, depending on the severity of injury and whether a weapon was used during the assault. The law requires medical reports prepared by certified practitioners for the prosecution of cases of violence against women (and also against men), but there were few certified practitioners in rural areas. The law provides for protection orders for victims of domestic and gender violence, and...more
July 8, 2019, 2:42 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, including rape of a “close relative,” but the criminal code does not specifically prohibit spousal rape, and the courts did not try any known cases. Cultural norms discouraged women and their families from speaking openly about rape, and the press rarely reported it" (Pg 28).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, including rape of a “close relative,” but the criminal code does not specifically prohibit spousal rape, and the courts did not try any known cases. Cultural norms discouraged women and their families from speaking openly about rape, and the press rarely reported it" (Pg 28).
July 8, 2019, 1:19 p.m.
Countries: Uganda
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1, DV-LAW-2
"The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, which is punishable by life imprisonment or the death penalty. The penal code defines rape as “unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or a girl.” Men accused of raping men are tried under section 145(a) of the penal code that prohibits “carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature.” The law also criminalizes domestic violence and provides up to two years’ imprisonment for conviction" (Pg 26).
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-2, DV-LAW-1, DV-LAW-2
"The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, which is punishable by life imprisonment or the death penalty. The penal code defines rape as “unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or a girl.” Men accused of raping men are tried under section 145(a) of the penal code that prohibits “carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature.” The law also criminalizes domestic violence and provides up to two years’ imprisonment for conviction" (Pg 26).
July 6, 2019, 1:13 p.m.
Countries: Togo
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape; it does not specifically address spousal rape, which was rarely reported for societal reasons and, if reported, was often ignored by authorities. The law provides for prison terms of five to 10 years for those convicted. A maximum prison term for conviction of 20 years applies if the victim is a child under age 14; is gang-raped; or if the rape results in pregnancy, disease, or incapacitation lasting more than six weeks. The government was diligent in investigating reports of rape and prosecuting suspects, but victims were reluctant to report incidents due to the social stigma associated with being raped and fear of reprisal. Although neither...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-1, LRCM-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape; it does not specifically address spousal rape, which was rarely reported for societal reasons and, if reported, was often ignored by authorities. The law provides for prison terms of five to 10 years for those convicted. A maximum prison term for conviction of 20 years applies if the victim is a child under age 14; is gang-raped; or if the rape results in pregnancy, disease, or incapacitation lasting more than six weeks. The government was diligent in investigating reports of rape and prosecuting suspects, but victims were reluctant to report incidents due to the social stigma associated with being raped and fear of reprisal. Although neither...more
July 3, 2019, 12:27 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, which is punishable by up to 20 years’ imprisonment. There was no separate statute for spousal rape. The government did not provide statistics on the number of cases or convictions. Law enforcement officials usually advised women not to file charges but registered cases at the victim’s insistence. Most observers believed the majority of cases were unreported because victims wished to avoid humiliation" (Pg 19).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1, LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape, which is punishable by up to 20 years’ imprisonment. There was no separate statute for spousal rape. The government did not provide statistics on the number of cases or convictions. Law enforcement officials usually advised women not to file charges but registered cases at the victim’s insistence. Most observers believed the majority of cases were unreported because victims wished to avoid humiliation" (Pg 19).
July 2, 2019, 2:25 p.m.
Countries: Swaziland
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape, but no law specifically addresses spousal rape" (Pg 18).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRCM-LAW-1
"The law criminalizes rape, but no law specifically addresses spousal rape" (Pg 18).
July 2, 2019, 12:52 p.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law does not address spousal rape" (Pg 63).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law does not address spousal rape" (Pg 63).
July 1, 2019, 8:44 p.m.
Countries: Moldova
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law also criminalizes spousal rape" (p. 26).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"The law also criminalizes spousal rape" (p. 26).
June 28, 2019, 10:58 a.m.
Countries: Sri Lanka
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape and domestic violence, but enforcement of the law was inconsistent. Sexual assault, rape, and spousal abuse remained pervasive societal problems. The law specifically addresses sexual abuse and exploitation and contains provisions in rape cases for equitable burden of proof and stringent punishments. The law considers marital rape an offense only in cases of legally separated spouses. An average rape case took six to 12 years to complete" (Pg 28).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1, DV-PRACTICE-1, DV-LAW-1
"The law prohibits rape and domestic violence, but enforcement of the law was inconsistent. Sexual assault, rape, and spousal abuse remained pervasive societal problems. The law specifically addresses sexual abuse and exploitation and contains provisions in rape cases for equitable burden of proof and stringent punishments. The law considers marital rape an offense only in cases of legally separated spouses. An average rape case took six to 12 years to complete" (Pg 28).
June 28, 2019, 8:55 a.m.
Countries: South Sudan
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"Rape is punishable by up to 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine. The government did not effectively enforce the law, and rape was thought to be widespread. The law defines sexual intercourse within marriage as 'not rape.' No information was available on the number of persons prosecuted, convicted, or punished for rape, and convictions of rape seldom were publicized. According to observers, sentences for persons convicted of rape were often less than the maximum" (Pg 35).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1, LRW-LAW-2, LRCM-LAW-1
"Rape is punishable by up to 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine. The government did not effectively enforce the law, and rape was thought to be widespread. The law defines sexual intercourse within marriage as 'not rape.' No information was available on the number of persons prosecuted, convicted, or punished for rape, and convictions of rape seldom were publicized. According to observers, sentences for persons convicted of rape were often less than the maximum" (Pg 35).