Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"The low rate of participation of Bangla women in politics is clear when looking at the number of women candidates contesting the upcoming 12th general election. According to the Election Commission, 92 contestants out of 1,891 vying for 300 seats are women. That's 4.86%. In the last general election held in 2018, women accounted for 3.67% of the candidates" (para 2-3). "While the participation of women is slowly increasing, the concern is that women run for office mainly because members of their family are already involved in politics. Women who are politically active at the grassroots level, without any family connection to get a leg up, are few and far...more

Countries: Ecuador
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"A comparison between the results of the candidacies in 2014 and 2019 shows an increase of 0.8 per cent. In 2014, women accounted for 42.1 per cent of candidates, while men made up 57.9 per cent. In 2019, those rates were 42.9 per cent for women versus 57.1 per cent for men. The Office of the Ombudsperson, in conjunction with women’s organizations, launched a process in 2019 to uphold the principle of parity in the country’s deputy mayor’s offices as a guarantee of the right to material equality. As at March 2020, the Office of the Ombudsperson had filed 89 protection actions, of which 27 had been won and two...more

Countries: Niger
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"In fact, the insufficient involvement of women in the country’s governing bodies is evident, despite the existence of positive discrimination measures, such as the Law on quotas No. 2000-008 of 7 June 2000. This law was last revised in 2019, granting 25% of elective positions and 30% of appointed positions to women. However, this law alone does not ensure the worthy involvement of women in political and public life, and even before the revisions of the law, the old law of 2000 was already not respected" (9-10). "The 2020-2021 elections have seen significant progress on women's political participation as voters and candidates. Currently, there are 48 women out of 166...more

Countries: Mexico
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-LAW-2

"For example, quotas - and political will - helped Mexico achieve gender parity in 2018, after former president Andrés Manuel López Obrador decided the parliament should be 50% women" (para 12).

Countries: Morocco
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"Regulatory Act No. 27-11 of 2011 concerning the House of Representatives created a national electoral constituency of 90 seats, 60 for women and 30 for young people. That increased the representation of women from 10 per cent (34 representatives) in 2007 to 17 per cent (67 deputies) in 2011" (16). "During the 2016 legislative elections, in accordance with Regulatory Act 20-16, nominations were opened up by adding a second section to nomination lists for the national electoral district. It included 30 seats set aside exclusively for young people, including young women, which helped to achieve an encouraging level of female representation of around 21 per cent (81 deputies)" (16). "Regulatory...more

Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"[E]qual representation was achieved in 2018 in the Legislative Assembly, with women and men accounting for 45.6 per cent and 54.4 per cent of assembly members, respectively, thanks to the implementation of a regulation requiring political parties to ensure vertical and horizontal parity when selecting candidates (Supreme Electoral Tribunal resolution No. 3603-E8–2016); however, equal participation has not been achieved in all the legislative committees (see annex 7)" (10). "[T]here are still unresolved issues in the area of local politics, as the regulations have yet to be applied to municipal elections, despite the lobbying of political parties and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal by the National Institute for Women, the Office of...more

Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"The mandatory requirements adopted in 2007 with regard to electoral legislation to the effect that 'in drawing up the list of candidates, a political party must take into account the fact that the representation must not consist of more than 70 per cent of persons of the same sex, and that the difference in the lists of candidates of women and men nominated by political parties shall not exceed three positions'” (part 3 of article 60 of the Constitutional Act on the Elections of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic and of Representative to the Zhogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic) have enabled a significant increase in the representation of...more

Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"In order to improve the knowledge and skills of civil servants on issues of gender equality, prevent domestic violence, increase the participation of women in public administration and the civil service, and promote the active participation of women in elections, the Academy of Public Administration has developed and, taking into account the positions and functional duties of trainees, has added the following subjects to civil service capacity-building programmes and other training courses for civil servants:. . .• Promoting women’s role in governance • Gender policy in the civil service. . .• Gender communication for public servants in the context of domestic violence. . .• The role of women in the...more

Countries: India
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-LAW-2

"Some critics of the BJP [Bharatiya Janata Party] also say that if it was fully committed to equality, it could pass a bill to reserve a third of seats in the lower house of the parliament for women before the 2024 election, as it enjoys a majority. The party declined to comment on this option" (para 16).

Countries: D R Congo
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

As of a report in April, 27% of positions with decision-making power were held by women. Regulations say that 30% of positions should be held by women. In 2023, a law was passed that one out of every three people on a ballot must be a woman. Unfortunately, women don’t have the means to put themselves ahead of their political rivals, so they are often not elected.

Countries: Israel
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-3

"There are fewer women in government than just a year ago. Two of the ultra-Orthodox parties in the governing coalition effectively ban women from running for office, ignoring a 2019 Supreme Court ruling saying that they had to end the practice" (para 19).

Countries: Lithuania
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"[T]emporary special measures [are not adopted], including quotas for female candidates of political parties and heads of municipalities, to increase the participation of women, in particular rural women, women belonging to ethnic minority groups and women with disabilities, in political and public life" (9-10).

Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"[There is] the minimum quotas of 40 per cent for the representation of women candidates on the electoral lists of political parties" (9). "[A] quota of 50 per cent for the representation of women candidates on the electoral lists of political parties, and the draft amendments to the law on the Council of Ministers, introducing a minimum quota of 40 per cent for both sexes, have still not been adopted" (9).

Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"[T]he 35-per-cent quota for women in functions filled by election or appointment covers a period of 10 years from the date of passage of the Act [No. 16.004]" (18). "Two seats for persons with disabilities, one of them for a woman representative, were allocated in the 2013–2015 National Transitional Council. As new institutions are established, two seats in the national Economic and Social Council have been allocated for persons with disabilities, including one for a woman" (19). "[A]n indigenous woman holds a seat on the economic and social council" (20).

Countries: Botswana
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1

"One of Botswana’s greatest challenges is reaching the desired numbers of women in decision making positions, particularly in politics" (7). This suggests that any incentives are ineffective (VMH - CODER COMMENT).