Latest items for ISTD-DATA-1
March 14, 2025, 4:48 p.m.
Countries: Venezuela
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 78.5 per cent of HIV cases involve the 20 to 49 age group and women account for 32.3 per cent of this group" (26).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 78.5 per cent of HIV cases involve the 20 to 49 age group and women account for 32.3 per cent of this group" (26).
Feb. 26, 2025, 8:27 p.m.
Countries: Dominican Republic
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
In Table 7, titled “HIV tests with counseling for pregnant women based on test results, 2013-2014,” of the 70,640 total tests given to women who received pre-pregnancy counseling, 886 were positive in 2013. In 2014, 1,126 of the 79,881 tests given to women with this counseling were positive (38). "Nearly 7 out of every 100 pregnant Dominican women, or 1,700 pregnant women, are HIV positive, according to the Executive Director of the National Council on HIV/AIDS. The National Council on HIV/AIDS reported that the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the country is 11.3 per cent" (39).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
In Table 7, titled “HIV tests with counseling for pregnant women based on test results, 2013-2014,” of the 70,640 total tests given to women who received pre-pregnancy counseling, 886 were positive in 2013. In 2014, 1,126 of the 79,881 tests given to women with this counseling were positive (38). "Nearly 7 out of every 100 pregnant Dominican women, or 1,700 pregnant women, are HIV positive, according to the Executive Director of the National Council on HIV/AIDS. The National Council on HIV/AIDS reported that the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the country is 11.3 per cent" (39).
Jan. 30, 2025, 7:52 p.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[I]t notes with concern… (c) The alarmingly high percentage of women testing positive for the human papillomavirus, with 6 of 15 tested women presenting lesions… (e) The high rate of HIV among women and the lack of a gender perspective in existing laws and policies to combat HIV/AIDS" (13).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[I]t notes with concern… (c) The alarmingly high percentage of women testing positive for the human papillomavirus, with 6 of 15 tested women presenting lesions… (e) The high rate of HIV among women and the lack of a gender perspective in existing laws and policies to combat HIV/AIDS" (13).
Jan. 16, 2025, 10:50 a.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"As part of its strategy to prevent cervical-uterine cancer, the Ministry of Health developed the Scale-Up Project (2015–2019), focused on introducing papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Out of the 80,000 women who were tested in three regions of the country, 12,000 tested positive for the highest risk serotypes and 6 out of 15 women presented lesions, 70 per cent of whom received treatment. With regard to the provision of care for people at high risk of developing cancer, 16 facilities treat cervical-uterine cancer, including 10 at the first level, which perform annual Pap smears to detect this type of cancer. A total of 189,864 Pap smears were performed in 2017, representing 92...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"As part of its strategy to prevent cervical-uterine cancer, the Ministry of Health developed the Scale-Up Project (2015–2019), focused on introducing papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Out of the 80,000 women who were tested in three regions of the country, 12,000 tested positive for the highest risk serotypes and 6 out of 15 women presented lesions, 70 per cent of whom received treatment. With regard to the provision of care for people at high risk of developing cancer, 16 facilities treat cervical-uterine cancer, including 10 at the first level, which perform annual Pap smears to detect this type of cancer. A total of 189,864 Pap smears were performed in 2017, representing 92...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Sexually transmitted infections among women: The incidence of syphilis (cases per 100,000 population) was 13.3 in 2012, 19.4 in 2013, 21.8 in 2014, 10.6 in 2015, 8.8 in 2016 and 7.4 in 2017. The incidence of gonorrhoea (cases per 100,000 population) was: 10.6 in 2012, 9.3 in 2013, 11.1 in 2014, 7.8 in 2015, 5.0 in 2016 and 3.0 in 2017" (30).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Sexually transmitted infections among women: The incidence of syphilis (cases per 100,000 population) was 13.3 in 2012, 19.4 in 2013, 21.8 in 2014, 10.6 in 2015, 8.8 in 2016 and 7.4 in 2017. The incidence of gonorrhoea (cases per 100,000 population) was: 10.6 in 2012, 9.3 in 2013, 11.1 in 2014, 7.8 in 2015, 5.0 in 2016 and 3.0 in 2017" (30).
Jan. 8, 2025, 3:34 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-3
"In Tajikistan, as in all Eastern European and Central Asian countries, cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have continued to increase in recent years. The number of reported HIV infections is increasing annually: 1,146 in 2015, 1,320 in 2019, and 890 in the first nine months of 2020. As of 2021, the total number of officially registered HIV cases in the country was 11,986, of which 7,698 (64.1 per cent) were men and 4,288 (35.8 per cent) were women. According to estimates, there may be 13,000 persons living with HIV, so the actual recorded number of people living with HIV (8,756) is 67.4 per cent of the estimated number of...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-3
"In Tajikistan, as in all Eastern European and Central Asian countries, cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have continued to increase in recent years. The number of reported HIV infections is increasing annually: 1,146 in 2015, 1,320 in 2019, and 890 in the first nine months of 2020. As of 2021, the total number of officially registered HIV cases in the country was 11,986, of which 7,698 (64.1 per cent) were men and 4,288 (35.8 per cent) were women. According to estimates, there may be 13,000 persons living with HIV, so the actual recorded number of people living with HIV (8,756) is 67.4 per cent of the estimated number of...more
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The commission notes the importance of education and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS especially among vulnerable groups of women such as Les/bi women, transwomen, female sex workers and commercial sex workers. The latter two along with men who have sex with men account to over 85 per cent of new HIV infections annually" (37). "Belize continued with its prevention of Mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme. Free HIV test are offered to all pregnant women. In 2010, out of the 6,631 registered pregnant women, there was 93.2 per cent coverage with HIV testing. 53 women were detected as HIV positive. The number of women who are HIV+ and pregnant decreased by around 10...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The commission notes the importance of education and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS especially among vulnerable groups of women such as Les/bi women, transwomen, female sex workers and commercial sex workers. The latter two along with men who have sex with men account to over 85 per cent of new HIV infections annually" (37). "Belize continued with its prevention of Mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme. Free HIV test are offered to all pregnant women. In 2010, out of the 6,631 registered pregnant women, there was 93.2 per cent coverage with HIV testing. 53 women were detected as HIV positive. The number of women who are HIV+ and pregnant decreased by around 10...more
July 18, 2024, 6:38 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In 2021, a total of 7,153 women with HIV were taking antiretroviral treatment. There has been a downward trend in the number of new cases of women with HIV, with a total of 441 having been recorded in 2017, compared with 382 in 2020" (27).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In 2021, a total of 7,153 women with HIV were taking antiretroviral treatment. There has been a downward trend in the number of new cases of women with HIV, with a total of 441 having been recorded in 2017, compared with 382 in 2020" (27).
March 15, 2024, 2:30 p.m.
Countries: Gabon
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[There is a] disproportionately high number of women living with HIV/AIDS" (19). "[There is a] very high prevalence of HIV/ AIDS among women and the mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV" (20).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[There is a] disproportionately high number of women living with HIV/AIDS" (19). "[There is a] very high prevalence of HIV/ AIDS among women and the mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV" (20).
March 15, 2024, 1:23 p.m.
Countries: Gabon
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
The untitled table shows “indicators/year, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017”. The No. of persons living with HIV were 47948 in 2012,50493 in 2015, 51000 in 2016, and 56426 in 2017. The No. of persons living with HIV receiving ART [(Anti-Retroviral Treatment)] were 14646 in 20012, 27037 in 2015, 30372 in 2016, and 33249 in 2017. The total rate of ART coverage was 30.35 percent in 2012, 53.79 percent in 2015, and 59.55 percent in 2016. The rate of ART coverage among adults was 32.48 percent in 2012, 54.48 percent in 2015, and 62.22 percent in 2016. The number of HIV-positive adults was 9257 in 2015, 1912 in 2016, and 9083 in...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
The untitled table shows “indicators/year, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017”. The No. of persons living with HIV were 47948 in 2012,50493 in 2015, 51000 in 2016, and 56426 in 2017. The No. of persons living with HIV receiving ART [(Anti-Retroviral Treatment)] were 14646 in 20012, 27037 in 2015, 30372 in 2016, and 33249 in 2017. The total rate of ART coverage was 30.35 percent in 2012, 53.79 percent in 2015, and 59.55 percent in 2016. The rate of ART coverage among adults was 32.48 percent in 2012, 54.48 percent in 2015, and 62.22 percent in 2016. The number of HIV-positive adults was 9257 in 2015, 1912 in 2016, and 9083 in...more
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"HIV prevalence is still high among females than males and therefore more effort is still required to ensure that the gender specific vulnerabilities are taken into cognizance in the national response to HIV and AIDS" (7). "Available evidence (Botswana AIDS Impact Survey I, II, III and IV) shows that more women and girls are infected with HIV and shoulder the heavy burden of care and support of people living with HIV (PLHIV)" (19). "The Ministry of Health in 2012 conducted a Mapping, Size Estimation & Behavioural and Biological Surveillance Survey (BBSS) of HIV/STI Among Select High-Risk Sub-Populations in Botswana. The survey indicated the high-risk sub-populations as Female Sex Workers —...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"HIV prevalence is still high among females than males and therefore more effort is still required to ensure that the gender specific vulnerabilities are taken into cognizance in the national response to HIV and AIDS" (7). "Available evidence (Botswana AIDS Impact Survey I, II, III and IV) shows that more women and girls are infected with HIV and shoulder the heavy burden of care and support of people living with HIV (PLHIV)" (19). "The Ministry of Health in 2012 conducted a Mapping, Size Estimation & Behavioural and Biological Surveillance Survey (BBSS) of HIV/STI Among Select High-Risk Sub-Populations in Botswana. The survey indicated the high-risk sub-populations as Female Sex Workers —...more
Nov. 6, 2023, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In 2017, the number of women on antiretroviral treatment reached 155,618… the number of reported cases of congenital syphilis declined from 13,000 in 2011 to 3,846" (23).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In 2017, the number of women on antiretroviral treatment reached 155,618… the number of reported cases of congenital syphilis declined from 13,000 in 2011 to 3,846" (23).
Oct. 10, 2023, 12:34 p.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, ISTD-DATA-1
"Staff at CEPROSAF approximates that last year there were more than 40,000 cases of HIV reported in Honduras, but that the actual number could be higher since so many people with the disease do not seek treatment" (para 6).
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, ISTD-DATA-1
"Staff at CEPROSAF approximates that last year there were more than 40,000 cases of HIV reported in Honduras, but that the actual number could be higher since so many people with the disease do not seek treatment" (para 6).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"An excessively high number of women are living with HIV/AIDS: HIV prevalence among women is 0.8 percent, compared with 0.5 percent among the general population." (11).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"An excessively high number of women are living with HIV/AIDS: HIV prevalence among women is 0.8 percent, compared with 0.5 percent among the general population." (11).
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Maldives has never seen a case of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, making Maldives eligible for WHO certification in having eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV."
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Maldives has never seen a case of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, making Maldives eligible for WHO certification in having eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV."
June 20, 2023, 9:30 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Testing for the early detection of HIV in pregnant women has been improved. In 2006, 18,000 women were tested and 55 percent of mothers tested positive for HIV. By 2018, 2,694,945 rapid tests had been performed on pregnant women. Those who tested positive were ensured treatment, which led to a 96 percent reduction in the rate of mother-to-child transmission between 2011 and 2018." (23).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Testing for the early detection of HIV in pregnant women has been improved. In 2006, 18,000 women were tested and 55 percent of mothers tested positive for HIV. By 2018, 2,694,945 rapid tests had been performed on pregnant women. Those who tested positive were ensured treatment, which led to a 96 percent reduction in the rate of mother-to-child transmission between 2011 and 2018." (23).
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[There is lack of] data, disaggregated by sex, on the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, while fully respecting the confidentiality of patient information" (12).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"[There is lack of] data, disaggregated by sex, on the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, while fully respecting the confidentiality of patient information" (12).
March 18, 2023, 10:20 p.m.
Countries: Ethiopia
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, DSFMF-DATA-1
"The rate of HIV infection has declined significantly and the prevalence rate has gone down to 1.1 per cent from 2.4 per cent" (18).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, DSFMF-DATA-1
"The rate of HIV infection has declined significantly and the prevalence rate has gone down to 1.1 per cent from 2.4 per cent" (18).
Feb. 27, 2023, 7:47 a.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
From 2020 to 2021, women gained more access to preventative care for high blood pressure, diabetes, STDs/STIs, and slightly lost access to preventative care for cancer (Figure. 2).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
From 2020 to 2021, women gained more access to preventative care for high blood pressure, diabetes, STDs/STIs, and slightly lost access to preventative care for cancer (Figure. 2).
Feb. 24, 2023, 12:54 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The male to female sex ratio of total HIV infection came down from 2.15 of 2006 to 0.54 for the year 2014." (33).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The male to female sex ratio of total HIV infection came down from 2.15 of 2006 to 0.54 for the year 2014." (33).
Feb. 4, 2023, 6:14 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
Table 6 titled 'HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex' is a graph demonstrating the prevalence of HIV in girls and boys between the ages of 0-64. In said graph, between the ages of 0-4, 0.4% of girls have already contracted the disease in comparison to 0.1 in boys, 1.5% and 0.9% for girls and boys between the ages of 5-9 respectively. From 10-14, boys have a rate of contraction of 2.3% while girls have are at 1.6% however, this changes when these populations reach the ages of 15-19 in which 4.7% of girls and 2.7% of boys have HIV. The rate of infection is nearly double for girls after this...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
Table 6 titled 'HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex' is a graph demonstrating the prevalence of HIV in girls and boys between the ages of 0-64. In said graph, between the ages of 0-4, 0.4% of girls have already contracted the disease in comparison to 0.1 in boys, 1.5% and 0.9% for girls and boys between the ages of 5-9 respectively. From 10-14, boys have a rate of contraction of 2.3% while girls have are at 1.6% however, this changes when these populations reach the ages of 15-19 in which 4.7% of girls and 2.7% of boys have HIV. The rate of infection is nearly double for girls after this...more
Feb. 4, 2023, 8:40 a.m.
Countries: Iraq
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, DSFMF-DATA-1
"[There is the] lack of information and statistical data on women and girls living with HIV/AIDS" (11).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, DSFMF-DATA-1
"[There is the] lack of information and statistical data on women and girls living with HIV/AIDS" (11).
June 14, 2022, 5:24 p.m.
Countries: Denmark
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Every citizen has equal access to information, treatment and care in the field of HIV and AIDS. In 2015, 273 new cases of HIV were reported of which 70 were women…" (26).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Every citizen has equal access to information, treatment and care in the field of HIV and AIDS. In 2015, 273 new cases of HIV were reported of which 70 were women…" (26).
June 7, 2022, 10:47 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In recent years, the increase of the AIDS epidemic prevalence in China has further slowed, while sexual transmission has remained the main way by which AIDS spreads; the proportion of women in the total infected population increased from 15.3 per cent in 1998 to 30.9 per cent in 2009" (46).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"In recent years, the increase of the AIDS epidemic prevalence in China has further slowed, while sexual transmission has remained the main way by which AIDS spreads; the proportion of women in the total infected population increased from 15.3 per cent in 1998 to 30.9 per cent in 2009" (46).
May 16, 2022, 8:09 p.m.
Countries: Suriname
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Since the introduction of this screening programme, the proportion of pregnant women being screened on HIV/AIDS has increased from 30 per cent in 2003 to 75 per cent in 2005 and 84 per cent in 2010. Currently the test coverage is approximately 90 95 per cent" (31). "With the launch of the programme to prevent Mother to Child Transmission of HIV, congenital syphilis and hepatitis B in 2009 (PMTCT), various new initiatives have taken place. The National Aids Programme (NAP) implemented a national awareness programme for PMTCT. A focal point system was installed to monitor all HIV positive pregnant women and their babies, a PMTCT workgroup was installed, PMTCT protocol...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"Since the introduction of this screening programme, the proportion of pregnant women being screened on HIV/AIDS has increased from 30 per cent in 2003 to 75 per cent in 2005 and 84 per cent in 2010. Currently the test coverage is approximately 90 95 per cent" (31). "With the launch of the programme to prevent Mother to Child Transmission of HIV, congenital syphilis and hepatitis B in 2009 (PMTCT), various new initiatives have taken place. The National Aids Programme (NAP) implemented a national awareness programme for PMTCT. A focal point system was installed to monitor all HIV positive pregnant women and their babies, a PMTCT workgroup was installed, PMTCT protocol...more
March 9, 2022, 8:57 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The population of pregnant women with HIV is characterized by an average age above 30 years, a good clinical and immunological condition, an increasing proportion of women of non-Italian nationality (40–45%, in recent years), especially from Africa, a high percentage of unplanned pregnancies (at least 50%, in addition to a relatively large proportion of cases in which the diagnosis of HIV infection occurs during pregnancy (23%)" (96).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The population of pregnant women with HIV is characterized by an average age above 30 years, a good clinical and immunological condition, an increasing proportion of women of non-Italian nationality (40–45%, in recent years), especially from Africa, a high percentage of unplanned pregnancies (at least 50%, in addition to a relatively large proportion of cases in which the diagnosis of HIV infection occurs during pregnancy (23%)" (96).
Sept. 13, 2021, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"An estimated 1.25 million persons in the country had HIV" (78). "Despite provisions in the law, discrimination against hepatitis B carriers (including 20 million chronic carriers) remained widespread" (78).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"An estimated 1.25 million persons in the country had HIV" (78). "Despite provisions in the law, discrimination against hepatitis B carriers (including 20 million chronic carriers) remained widespread" (78).
Aug. 28, 2021, 11:07 a.m.
Countries: Estonia
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-2, ISTD-DATA-3, DSFMF-DATA-1
" In 2012, approximately 24 new cases per 100 000 persons were registered (compared to 106,2 in 2001). In 2000 2013, almost 70% of all new cases of HIV were discovered among men, but the share of women has increased. Among young persons (15--24), the proportion of women has been higher in recent 24), the proportion of women has been higher in recent years (63% in 2013). In 2012, the proportion of pregnant women infected with HIV years (63% in 2013). In 2012, the proportion of pregnant women infected with HIV was 1,05%; however, the proportion of vertical infection with HIV of all new cases was 1,05%; however, the proportion...more
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-2, ISTD-DATA-3, DSFMF-DATA-1
" In 2012, approximately 24 new cases per 100 000 persons were registered (compared to 106,2 in 2001). In 2000 2013, almost 70% of all new cases of HIV were discovered among men, but the share of women has increased. Among young persons (15--24), the proportion of women has been higher in recent 24), the proportion of women has been higher in recent years (63% in 2013). In 2012, the proportion of pregnant women infected with HIV years (63% in 2013). In 2012, the proportion of pregnant women infected with HIV was 1,05%; however, the proportion of vertical infection with HIV of all new cases was 1,05%; however, the proportion...more
June 9, 2021, 8:43 p.m.
Countries: Poland
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-3
In Table 18, titled "Results from Advisory and Diagnostic Points conducting anonymous and free-of-charge HIV tests combined with pre-test and post-test counselling", we see that in 2007, the number of HIV-negative women: 8,093, HIV-positive women: 44; number of HIV-negative men: 10,463, HIV-positive men: 172. In 2008, the number of HIV-negative women: 8,545, HIV-positive women: 47; number of HIV-negative men: 11,647, HIV-positive men: 199. In 2009, the number of HIV-negative women: 11,675, HIV-positive women: 52; number of HIV-negative men: 13,516, HIV-positive men: 269. In 2010, the number of HIV-negative women: 11,527, HIV-positive women: 42; number of HIV-negative men: 13,590, HIV-positive men: 243 (69).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1, ISTD-DATA-3
In Table 18, titled "Results from Advisory and Diagnostic Points conducting anonymous and free-of-charge HIV tests combined with pre-test and post-test counselling", we see that in 2007, the number of HIV-negative women: 8,093, HIV-positive women: 44; number of HIV-negative men: 10,463, HIV-positive men: 172. In 2008, the number of HIV-negative women: 8,545, HIV-positive women: 47; number of HIV-negative men: 11,647, HIV-positive men: 199. In 2009, the number of HIV-negative women: 11,675, HIV-positive women: 52; number of HIV-negative men: 13,516, HIV-positive men: 269. In 2010, the number of HIV-negative women: 11,527, HIV-positive women: 42; number of HIV-negative men: 13,590, HIV-positive men: 243 (69).
April 26, 2021, 11:49 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The population of pregnant women with HIV is characterized by an average age above 30 years, a good clinical and immunological condition, an increasing proportion of women of non-Italian nationality (40–45%, in recent years), especially from Africa, a high percentage of unplanned pregnancies (at least 50%, in addition to a relatively large proportion of cases in which the diagnosis of HIV infection occurs during pregnancy (23%)" (96).
Variables: ISTD-DATA-1
"The population of pregnant women with HIV is characterized by an average age above 30 years, a good clinical and immunological condition, an increasing proportion of women of non-Italian nationality (40–45%, in recent years), especially from Africa, a high percentage of unplanned pregnancies (at least 50%, in addition to a relatively large proportion of cases in which the diagnosis of HIV infection occurs during pregnancy (23%)" (96).