Latest items for IRP-LAW-3
March 19, 2024, 1:05 a.m.
Countries: Zimbabwe
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Is there mandatory registration? No" (para 6).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Is there mandatory registration? No" (para 6).
March 16, 2024, 4:17 p.m.
Countries: Tunisia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Even if the pay was less generous in a licensed brothel, where the going rate was 10.5 Tunisian dinars ($3.60) per client, it was preferable to the 30 dinars you might make on your own, because it was safer. 'At least in the brothel I had police protection. They could control the clients and make sure they used condoms,' she says" (para 4).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Even if the pay was less generous in a licensed brothel, where the going rate was 10.5 Tunisian dinars ($3.60) per client, it was preferable to the 30 dinars you might make on your own, because it was safer. 'At least in the brothel I had police protection. They could control the clients and make sure they used condoms,' she says" (para 4).
March 9, 2024, 11:54 a.m.
Countries: Somalia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"'Early on, I used to go with men to places of their choosing to have sex but one night I was beaten and got bruises on my face and was left bleeding. It all started because we didn't agree on the price,' she says" (para 31). "'Many other women involved in sex work aren't so lucky. Sex workers that go with these men to their homes and secluded places are abused and even raped, sometimes by more then one man'" (para 33)."She also says that the assaults are sometimes filmed and the women are then blackmailed" (para 34). Since prostitution is illegal and unregulated, prostitutes have few to no special...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"'Early on, I used to go with men to places of their choosing to have sex but one night I was beaten and got bruises on my face and was left bleeding. It all started because we didn't agree on the price,' she says" (para 31). "'Many other women involved in sex work aren't so lucky. Sex workers that go with these men to their homes and secluded places are abused and even raped, sometimes by more then one man'" (para 33)."She also says that the assaults are sometimes filmed and the women are then blackmailed" (para 34). Since prostitution is illegal and unregulated, prostitutes have few to no special...more
March 9, 2024, 11:30 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"There are many rules for being a legal sex worker in the city-state. Women may incur a S$500 fine for leaving a brothel without permission, for example" (para 21). "Sex workers must be between the ages of 21 and 35, and are required to undergo an interview with the local police before being allowed to work in the brothels, according to law articles compiled by Project X. Passports and contracts are held by the police, and sex workers are only allowed to retain a copy of their passport, per the articles" (para 22). "Legal sex workers must live in their assigned brothels and seek permission if they wish to leave....more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"There are many rules for being a legal sex worker in the city-state. Women may incur a S$500 fine for leaving a brothel without permission, for example" (para 21). "Sex workers must be between the ages of 21 and 35, and are required to undergo an interview with the local police before being allowed to work in the brothels, according to law articles compiled by Project X. Passports and contracts are held by the police, and sex workers are only allowed to retain a copy of their passport, per the articles" (para 22). "Legal sex workers must live in their assigned brothels and seek permission if they wish to leave....more
March 5, 2024, 10:16 a.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Senegal's Ministry of Health and civil society groups are hoping to change that, particularly because sex workers are still the main contributor to the HIV epidemic: with a prevalence of 6.6%, they are up to 16 times more likely to be infected than the general population" (para 13). Even though the registration of prostitutes in Senegal seems to have decreased the HIV rate of the country as a whole, prostitutes within Senegal are still highly vulnerable. This, combined with the fact that registration for this government program is low, can indicate that most prostitues within Snegal still have low levels of bargaining power (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "Khadija, a 37-year-old...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Senegal's Ministry of Health and civil society groups are hoping to change that, particularly because sex workers are still the main contributor to the HIV epidemic: with a prevalence of 6.6%, they are up to 16 times more likely to be infected than the general population" (para 13). Even though the registration of prostitutes in Senegal seems to have decreased the HIV rate of the country as a whole, prostitutes within Senegal are still highly vulnerable. This, combined with the fact that registration for this government program is low, can indicate that most prostitues within Snegal still have low levels of bargaining power (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "Khadija, a 37-year-old...more
March 5, 2024, 10:01 a.m.
Countries: Rwanda
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The HIV prevalence among FSWs in Rwanda was estimated to be approximately 46% in 2015" (para 1).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The HIV prevalence among FSWs in Rwanda was estimated to be approximately 46% in 2015" (para 1).
March 5, 2024, 10 a.m.
Countries: Rwanda
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Non governmental organisations that work with prostitutes say that many of them shy away from getting medical treatment because of the stigma they face, yet they are the largest single group affected by HIV in the country" (para 7). A high incidence of HIV can mean that prostitutes are not allowed to demand that their clients wear condoms, indicating low bargaining power. (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "A survey by the Ministry of Health found that 43 per cent of HIV cases are transmitted through sex with a prostitute" (para 13).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Non governmental organisations that work with prostitutes say that many of them shy away from getting medical treatment because of the stigma they face, yet they are the largest single group affected by HIV in the country" (para 7). A high incidence of HIV can mean that prostitutes are not allowed to demand that their clients wear condoms, indicating low bargaining power. (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "A survey by the Ministry of Health found that 43 per cent of HIV cases are transmitted through sex with a prostitute" (para 13).
Feb. 11, 2024, 3:02 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The official line on escorts, not just in Switzerland, but in many countries including Britain, is that they are remunerated for their time and what they do with it is up to them" (para 35).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The official line on escorts, not just in Switzerland, but in many countries including Britain, is that they are remunerated for their time and what they do with it is up to them" (para 35).
Dec. 16, 2023, 12:55 a.m.
Countries: Peru
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In 1999, she brought a lawsuit against a police officer who beat her and, to the surprise of her colleagues, she won. This set a precedent that violence against sex workers would not be tolerated" (para 9). The courts seem to be on board with protecting prostitues from violence, but this is given the prostitute herself takes the case to court and is able to win within the system, which seems unlikely even if the precedent has been set (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In 1999, she brought a lawsuit against a police officer who beat her and, to the surprise of her colleagues, she won. This set a precedent that violence against sex workers would not be tolerated" (para 9). The courts seem to be on board with protecting prostitues from violence, but this is given the prostitute herself takes the case to court and is able to win within the system, which seems unlikely even if the precedent has been set (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
Nov. 8, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Mozambique
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Integrated Bio-behavioral Surveillance Survey among female sex workers, conducted in 2011-2012 by the Ministry of Health, estimated a total of 27 285 sex workers (FSW) in three main cities of Mozambique. Sex work is not specifically criminalised by Mozambican law. However, the legal framework also does not provide any protection for sex workers" (2). "Although the Penal Code of 2014/35 does not criminalize the choice of an individual in hiring consensual sex work, article 227 penalizes anyone who "professionally or with all lucrative intent encourages, fosters or facilitates that another person engages in prostitution" (2).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The Integrated Bio-behavioral Surveillance Survey among female sex workers, conducted in 2011-2012 by the Ministry of Health, estimated a total of 27 285 sex workers (FSW) in three main cities of Mozambique. Sex work is not specifically criminalised by Mozambican law. However, the legal framework also does not provide any protection for sex workers" (2). "Although the Penal Code of 2014/35 does not criminalize the choice of an individual in hiring consensual sex work, article 227 penalizes anyone who "professionally or with all lucrative intent encourages, fosters or facilitates that another person engages in prostitution" (2).
Sept. 7, 2023, 9:39 a.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In Kenya and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, sex work remains illegal and those who make a living through this work are stigmatized and marginalized by others in the community... In Kenya, the penal code CAP 63 of the constitution criminalizes sex work... The anticipated, enacted, and perceived stigma towards sex workers can be a driver of HIV acquisition as it often discourages access to HIV treatment and prevention services" (para 5).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In Kenya and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, sex work remains illegal and those who make a living through this work are stigmatized and marginalized by others in the community... In Kenya, the penal code CAP 63 of the constitution criminalizes sex work... The anticipated, enacted, and perceived stigma towards sex workers can be a driver of HIV acquisition as it often discourages access to HIV treatment and prevention services" (para 5).
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-3
"To address this, the following steps have been taken: A catch-up plan for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; testing of all women seen in prenatal consultations and couples testing; Development of a guide for care and follow-up among sex workers; Training of health-care providers in syndromic management and follow-up among sex workers; Establishment of official centres for follow-up among sex workers at the central, intermediate and operational levels; Awareness-raising sessions for occasional sex workers; Distribution of male and female condoms at all centres for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections; Distribution of HIV self-tests to sex workers for screening and treatment; Decentralization of care at 118 health centres,...more
Variables: ISTD-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-3
"To address this, the following steps have been taken: A catch-up plan for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; testing of all women seen in prenatal consultations and couples testing; Development of a guide for care and follow-up among sex workers; Training of health-care providers in syndromic management and follow-up among sex workers; Establishment of official centres for follow-up among sex workers at the central, intermediate and operational levels; Awareness-raising sessions for occasional sex workers; Distribution of male and female condoms at all centres for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections; Distribution of HIV self-tests to sex workers for screening and treatment; Decentralization of care at 118 health centres,...more
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Internal affairs officials identify women engaged in prostitution or soliciting and brothel keepers, and take measures to identify persons with skin and venereal diseases, who are referred to dispensaries for treatment. Persons deported from other States, with whom individual preventive work is done on an ongoing basis, are placed on a preventive monitoring list." (18).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Internal affairs officials identify women engaged in prostitution or soliciting and brothel keepers, and take measures to identify persons with skin and venereal diseases, who are referred to dispensaries for treatment. Persons deported from other States, with whom individual preventive work is done on an ongoing basis, are placed on a preventive monitoring list." (18).
Feb. 6, 2023, 12:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]…notes with concern…the lack of dissemination and implementation of Order No. 946-r of 14 December 2017 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, particularly concerning the prevention of forced HIV testing of women in prostitution" (6-7).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]…notes with concern…the lack of dissemination and implementation of Order No. 946-r of 14 December 2017 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, particularly concerning the prevention of forced HIV testing of women in prostitution" (6-7).
Feb. 5, 2023, 8 p.m.
Countries: New Zealand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"I was actually really shocked when I read this question because how does decriminalising make it easier to enforce any boundaries? It’s actually impossible. If buyers were criminalised, I’d be able to call the police on them if they crossed my boundaries. The threat of that would act as a deterrent for their worse behaviours. But under decriminalisation there’s absolutely nothing I could do. Men are larger and stronger than me and I’d have to fight them off basically. It’s against the law to not wear a condom in prostitution in New Zealand and I think there’s up to a $2,000 fine but that penalty is applied equally to the...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"I was actually really shocked when I read this question because how does decriminalising make it easier to enforce any boundaries? It’s actually impossible. If buyers were criminalised, I’d be able to call the police on them if they crossed my boundaries. The threat of that would act as a deterrent for their worse behaviours. But under decriminalisation there’s absolutely nothing I could do. Men are larger and stronger than me and I’d have to fight them off basically. It’s against the law to not wear a condom in prostitution in New Zealand and I think there’s up to a $2,000 fine but that penalty is applied equally to the...more
April 14, 2018, 3:43 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The unavailability of disaggregated information and data on cases of HIV/AIDS in the State party, and the lack of measures to limit the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections for women in prostitution" (Pg 14).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"The unavailability of disaggregated information and data on cases of HIV/AIDS in the State party, and the lack of measures to limit the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections for women in prostitution" (Pg 14).
Feb. 29, 2016, 9:23 a.m.
Countries: Ukraine
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
""Prostitution is illegal in Ukraine. So, there are no laws that enable a prostitute to demand that a man wear a condom. There are also no laws that require prostitues to be tested for AIDS/STDs. The government is trying to integrate more testing options for women in rural and urban areas, also to teach them how to prevent STDs. Doctors are also making young teenagers more aware of how to prevent it. Testing is not required, but is increasingly encouraged." Anna Cheburei" (9)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
""Prostitution is illegal in Ukraine. So, there are no laws that enable a prostitute to demand that a man wear a condom. There are also no laws that require prostitues to be tested for AIDS/STDs. The government is trying to integrate more testing options for women in rural and urban areas, also to teach them how to prevent STDs. Doctors are also making young teenagers more aware of how to prevent it. Testing is not required, but is increasingly encouraged." Anna Cheburei" (9)
Dec. 31, 2015, 8:40 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Three uniformed male police officers raided her room while she was with a customer. During such raids, the police typically collect a used condom or other evidence from a bedside trash can" (para 2)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Three uniformed male police officers raided her room while she was with a customer. During such raids, the police typically collect a used condom or other evidence from a bedside trash can" (para 2)
June 30, 2015, 7:44 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Interviews conducted with sex workers in Windhoek in 2008 found that...violence within the industry as sex workers are sometimes forced to have sex without a condom and are vulnerable to abuse from their clients. Research conducted in the same year to assess linkages between HIV and prostitution suggests that prostitutes in Namibia are at a high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS as most do not have the bargaining power to negotiate condom use with their clients due to lack of money" (29). This information shows that there is no law that allows a prostitute to require a man to wear a condom (RNP-CODER COMMENT)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Interviews conducted with sex workers in Windhoek in 2008 found that...violence within the industry as sex workers are sometimes forced to have sex without a condom and are vulnerable to abuse from their clients. Research conducted in the same year to assess linkages between HIV and prostitution suggests that prostitutes in Namibia are at a high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS as most do not have the bargaining power to negotiate condom use with their clients due to lack of money" (29). This information shows that there is no law that allows a prostitute to require a man to wear a condom (RNP-CODER COMMENT)
May 28, 2015, 12:46 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"No, because the law says that there should be no prostitutes. If caught with prostitute, you can be sent to prison. There is testing but not through the government, but through associations. If the prostitute has a positive test, she can go to the government hospital to get medicine" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"No, because the law says that there should be no prostitutes. If caught with prostitute, you can be sent to prison. There is testing but not through the government, but through associations. If the prostitute has a positive test, she can go to the government hospital to get medicine" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: New Zealand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In recent years, the most sweeping example of decriminalization by national law is New Zealand’s Prostitution Reform Act of 2003. The law explicitly states that its intent is at once to decriminalize prostitution undertaken by persons over the age of 18 years and to 'safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation,' as well as to pursue public health goals.26 The law requires that all efforts be made to ensure the use of condoms in sex work, whether in brothels or otherwise, but infractions of those rules are not criminal offenses (articles 8 and 9). The law explicitly states that sex workers are covered under the...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In recent years, the most sweeping example of decriminalization by national law is New Zealand’s Prostitution Reform Act of 2003. The law explicitly states that its intent is at once to decriminalize prostitution undertaken by persons over the age of 18 years and to 'safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation,' as well as to pursue public health goals.26 The law requires that all efforts be made to ensure the use of condoms in sex work, whether in brothels or otherwise, but infractions of those rules are not criminal offenses (articles 8 and 9). The law explicitly states that sex workers are covered under the...more
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Mongolia
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Laos
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Vietnam
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Jan. 2, 2015, 2:24 p.m.
Countries: Thailand
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Whether sex work is criminalized or partly or wholly decriminalized or legalized, some governments have taken measures to mandate condom use in paid sex transactions. Often these take the form of 100% condomuse programs (CUP), which exist in Thailand, Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma, among other countries" (7)
Oct. 13, 2014, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Greece
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In May, the authorities arrested and reportedly forcibly tested for HIV over 100 alleged sex-workers. Serious concerns were expressed over the stigmatization of 29 of the arrested after their personal details including their HIV status and photographs were published by police and charges were brought against them for intentionally causing serious bodily harm. At the end of the year, 12 of them remained in prison, awaiting trial" (108)
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"In May, the authorities arrested and reportedly forcibly tested for HIV over 100 alleged sex-workers. Serious concerns were expressed over the stigmatization of 29 of the arrested after their personal details including their HIV status and photographs were published by police and charges were brought against them for intentionally causing serious bodily harm. At the end of the year, 12 of them remained in prison, awaiting trial" (108)
Feb. 7, 2014, 1:57 p.m.
Countries: Hungary
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Local governments have the authority to designate so-called tolerance zones where sex workers can work provided that they possess a valid three-month hygiene card (which can be obtained upon producing negative test results from a local sexually transmitted infection screening center) and a private entrepreneur license (needed for taxation). Sex workers offering or providing their services outside the designated tolerance zones are considered to be committing a minor criminal offense and thus may be arrested and fined" (65).
Variables: IRP-LAW-3
"Local governments have the authority to designate so-called tolerance zones where sex workers can work provided that they possess a valid three-month hygiene card (which can be obtained upon producing negative test results from a local sexually transmitted infection screening center) and a private entrepreneur license (needed for taxation). Sex workers offering or providing their services outside the designated tolerance zones are considered to be committing a minor criminal offense and thus may be arrested and fined" (65).