Latest items for INFIB-LAW-1
March 20, 2025, 1:55 p.m.
Countries: Mauritania
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Mauritanian regulations which provide legal protection for the child, punishes perpetrators of FGM only when it 'causes harm'. In addition, the law does not protect adult women from FGM" (3).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Mauritanian regulations which provide legal protection for the child, punishes perpetrators of FGM only when it 'causes harm'. In addition, the law does not protect adult women from FGM" (3).
March 19, 2025, 11:07 p.m.
Countries: Uganda
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
"These include: the 2010 law on Domestic Violence and the 2011 Domestic Violence regulations, the anti-Female Genital Mutilation Act of 2010 among others" (1-2).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1
"These include: the 2010 law on Domestic Violence and the 2011 Domestic Violence regulations, the anti-Female Genital Mutilation Act of 2010 among others" (1-2).
March 19, 2025, 10:12 p.m.
Countries: Iraq
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Despite the criminalization of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Kurdistan in 2011, FGM continues to be practised on girls and women" (4). "Due to the fact that FGM has become illegal and bears criminal consequences, the practice has now gone underground. The federal government of Iraq does not have any legislation dealing with the issue of FGM, denying even its existence outside the Kurdistan region" (4).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Despite the criminalization of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Kurdistan in 2011, FGM continues to be practised on girls and women" (4). "Due to the fact that FGM has become illegal and bears criminal consequences, the practice has now gone underground. The federal government of Iraq does not have any legislation dealing with the issue of FGM, denying even its existence outside the Kurdistan region" (4).
March 11, 2025, 9:50 p.m.
Countries: Sierra Leone
Variables: INFIB-PRACTICE-1, INFIB-LAW-1, INFIB-DATA-2, SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In neighbouring Sierra Leone, where 83% of women aged 15 to 49 have undergone FGM, the Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa and a coalition of 26 feminist movement organisations recently filed two legal cases against the government to compel ministers to enact a law" (para 14).
Variables: INFIB-PRACTICE-1, INFIB-LAW-1, INFIB-DATA-2, SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In neighbouring Sierra Leone, where 83% of women aged 15 to 49 have undergone FGM, the Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa and a coalition of 26 feminist movement organisations recently filed two legal cases against the government to compel ministers to enact a law" (para 14).
March 11, 2025, 9:47 p.m.
Countries: Gambia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Political and religious leaders in the Gambia are threatening to introduce a bill to decriminalise female genital mutilation, eight years after the practice was outlawed" (para 1). "Under the current law in the Gambia, a person convicted of performing FGM faces up to three years in prison, a fine of 50,000 dalasi (£622), or both. Where FGM leads to death, the perpetrator could face life imprisonment" (para 7).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Political and religious leaders in the Gambia are threatening to introduce a bill to decriminalise female genital mutilation, eight years after the practice was outlawed" (para 1). "Under the current law in the Gambia, a person convicted of performing FGM faces up to three years in prison, a fine of 50,000 dalasi (£622), or both. Where FGM leads to death, the perpetrator could face life imprisonment" (para 7).
Feb. 28, 2025, 5:42 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Article 232 of the Penal Code provides: Art. 232. - Any person guilty of the crime of FGM shall be sentenced to life imprisonment. If death has resulted from the act, the death penalty shall be imposed. (Unofficial translation)" (1).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Article 232 of the Penal Code provides: Art. 232. - Any person guilty of the crime of FGM shall be sentenced to life imprisonment. If death has resulted from the act, the death penalty shall be imposed. (Unofficial translation)" (1).
Feb. 27, 2025, 8:10 p.m.
Countries: Switzerland
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Regarding gender-based violence, a new provision (art. 124) was added to the Criminal Code on 1 July 2012 to put an end to the problems of definition and evidence that had previously obtained (FGM, HRI/CORE/CHE/2017, 162). In order to combat Intersex Genital Mutilation, no such provision in favor of intersex children exists" (4).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Regarding gender-based violence, a new provision (art. 124) was added to the Criminal Code on 1 July 2012 to put an end to the problems of definition and evidence that had previously obtained (FGM, HRI/CORE/CHE/2017, 162). In order to combat Intersex Genital Mutilation, no such provision in favor of intersex children exists" (4).
Feb. 12, 2025, 10:26 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A woman who was found guilty of handing over a three-year-old British girl for female genital mutilation (FGM) during a trip to Kenya has been jailed for seven years. Amina Noor, 40, was convicted last year of assisting a Kenyan woman to carry out the procedure overseas in 2006. The conviction was the first for assisting in such harm under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003" (par. 1-2). "The only other successful prosecution under the 2003 act was in 2019 when a Ugandan woman from Walthamstow, east London, was jailed for 11 years for cutting a three-year-old girl" (par. 7).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A woman who was found guilty of handing over a three-year-old British girl for female genital mutilation (FGM) during a trip to Kenya has been jailed for seven years. Amina Noor, 40, was convicted last year of assisting a Kenyan woman to carry out the procedure overseas in 2006. The conviction was the first for assisting in such harm under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003" (par. 1-2). "The only other successful prosecution under the 2003 act was in 2019 when a Ugandan woman from Walthamstow, east London, was jailed for 11 years for cutting a three-year-old girl" (par. 7).
Jan. 30, 2025, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Mauritania
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced despite the fact that the country’s General Code on Children’s Protection, adopted in 2017, unconditionally criminalizes it" (3).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced despite the fact that the country’s General Code on Children’s Protection, adopted in 2017, unconditionally criminalizes it" (3).
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:38 p.m.
Countries: Gambia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Lawmakers who had been moving toward repealing Gambia’s landmark ban on female genital cutting overwhelmingly changed course on Monday, voting instead to keep the legislation in place after women staged an intense three-month campaign" (para 1). "Of the 53 members of Gambia’s National Assembly present on Monday, 34 voted to keep the ban, and 19 to overturn it. In March, when 47 members were present, 42 of them voted to overturn the ban" (para 4).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Lawmakers who had been moving toward repealing Gambia’s landmark ban on female genital cutting overwhelmingly changed course on Monday, voting instead to keep the legislation in place after women staged an intense three-month campaign" (para 1). "Of the 53 members of Gambia’s National Assembly present on Monday, 34 voted to keep the ban, and 19 to overturn it. In March, when 47 members were present, 42 of them voted to overturn the ban" (para 4).
Dec. 7, 2024, 6:21 p.m.
Countries: Gambia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"FGM was practiced openly in The Gambia until 2015, when former president Yahya Jammeh banned it through the Women’s (Amendment) Act 2015, which aimed to protect the rights of women and girls. While the law was seen as progressive, some legal experts criticized it for lacking an effective implementation strategy. Very few efforts were made to enforce the law, and many girls continued to endure the pain and complications of FGM" (par. 4). "In March 2024, Almami Gibba, a member of the party of former president Jammeh, introduced a bill seeking to repeal the act and allow women and girls in The Gambia to undergo FGM. Some lawmakers also began...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"FGM was practiced openly in The Gambia until 2015, when former president Yahya Jammeh banned it through the Women’s (Amendment) Act 2015, which aimed to protect the rights of women and girls. While the law was seen as progressive, some legal experts criticized it for lacking an effective implementation strategy. Very few efforts were made to enforce the law, and many girls continued to endure the pain and complications of FGM" (par. 4). "In March 2024, Almami Gibba, a member of the party of former president Jammeh, introduced a bill seeking to repeal the act and allow women and girls in The Gambia to undergo FGM. Some lawmakers also began...more
Dec. 3, 2024, 4:25 p.m.
Countries: Sudan
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Both [Chad and Sudan] have outlawed the practice [of FGM] but it continues in secret…FGM was made illegal in Sudan in 2020" (2, 7).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Both [Chad and Sudan] have outlawed the practice [of FGM] but it continues in secret…FGM was made illegal in Sudan in 2020" (2, 7).
Dec. 3, 2024, 4:24 p.m.
Countries: Chad
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Both [Chad and Sudan] have outlawed the practice [of FGM] but it continues in secret…FGM was made illegal in Sudan in 2020" (2, 7).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Both [Chad and Sudan] have outlawed the practice [of FGM] but it continues in secret…FGM was made illegal in Sudan in 2020" (2, 7).
Nov. 13, 2024, 1:05 p.m.
Countries: Gambia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A bill aimed at lifting the ban on female genital mutilation (FGM) has been tabled in The Gambia's parliament by an independent lawmaker. It was outlawed in the mainly Muslim nation in 2015 when Yahya Jammeh was president...Last year, [a] cleric helped pay the fines of three women who were convicted of carrying out FGM on young girls" (1-2, 10).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A bill aimed at lifting the ban on female genital mutilation (FGM) has been tabled in The Gambia's parliament by an independent lawmaker. It was outlawed in the mainly Muslim nation in 2015 when Yahya Jammeh was president...Last year, [a] cleric helped pay the fines of three women who were convicted of carrying out FGM on young girls" (1-2, 10).
Nov. 12, 2024, 1:32 p.m.
Countries: Latvia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the progress achieved...in particular the adoption of the following...establishing criminal liability for female genital mutilation" (1, 2).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the progress achieved...in particular the adoption of the following...establishing criminal liability for female genital mutilation" (1, 2).
July 23, 2024, 4:58 p.m.
Countries: Sierra Leone
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“Despite calls from activists and human rights advocates for the practice to be criminalised – including from the UN special rapporteur on violence against women and girls – [FGM] remains legal in Sierra Leone” (6).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“Despite calls from activists and human rights advocates for the practice to be criminalised – including from the UN special rapporteur on violence against women and girls – [FGM] remains legal in Sierra Leone” (6).
July 22, 2024, 9:44 p.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“Efforts to eradicate female genital mutilation in Kenya have suffered a setback after a police officer was killed in a confrontation with a gang of youths. Activists and local leaders condemned the murder, calling it a backward step in the fight to eradicate the practice in the country. Police in Elgeyo Marakwet county, in the Rift Valley region, had taken a group of girls who had been forced to undergo the illegal procedure to hospital when a mob of young men stormed a police station and stoned Cpl Mushote Boma to death…Female genital mutilation, or ‘the cut’, remains illegal in Kenya” (1-2, 5).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“Efforts to eradicate female genital mutilation in Kenya have suffered a setback after a police officer was killed in a confrontation with a gang of youths. Activists and local leaders condemned the murder, calling it a backward step in the fight to eradicate the practice in the country. Police in Elgeyo Marakwet county, in the Rift Valley region, had taken a group of girls who had been forced to undergo the illegal procedure to hospital when a mob of young men stormed a police station and stoned Cpl Mushote Boma to death…Female genital mutilation, or ‘the cut’, remains illegal in Kenya” (1-2, 5).
July 19, 2024, 9:09 p.m.
Countries: Sierra Leone
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“[T]he [recent Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2024] falls short by missing the vital component in enacting the urgent reform needed to eradicate FGM, viewed by many as a precursor to marriage, regardless of age. Child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) are deeply interwoven, yet an amended Child Rights Act of 2024, laid out to protect girls from all forms of violence, including FGM, is still awaiting parliamentary approval” (3). “[W]ithin this new law [the recent Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2024], that sits alongside celebrated policy milestones such as the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Act 2023, and progressive education policies, the violence of FGM remains entrenched, normalised,...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“[T]he [recent Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2024] falls short by missing the vital component in enacting the urgent reform needed to eradicate FGM, viewed by many as a precursor to marriage, regardless of age. Child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) are deeply interwoven, yet an amended Child Rights Act of 2024, laid out to protect girls from all forms of violence, including FGM, is still awaiting parliamentary approval” (3). “[W]ithin this new law [the recent Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2024], that sits alongside celebrated policy milestones such as the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Act 2023, and progressive education policies, the violence of FGM remains entrenched, normalised,...more
Jan. 19, 2024, 12:06 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"[T]he legislature of the Central African Republic set out penalties for levirate and sororate, widowhood rites and genital mutilation in articles 112 to 117 of the revised Penal Code of 2010" (32).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"[T]he legislature of the Central African Republic set out penalties for levirate and sororate, widowhood rites and genital mutilation in articles 112 to 117 of the revised Penal Code of 2010" (32).
Sept. 7, 2023, 10:10 a.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Village chiefs in Kenya will make house-to-house checks after reports some rural communities were taking advantage of school closures due to the coronavirus to perform female genital mutilation (FGM) on girls, officials and campaigners said" (para 1). "Bernadette Loloju, chief executive of the semi-autonomous government agency Anti-FGM Board, said she had received reports that scores of girls had been forced to undergo FGM in Kenya’s northern Samburu county after schools closed on March 16" (para 4). "Loloju said authorities had deployed village chiefs and community workers to visit rural homesteads and report cases where girls may be at risk" (para 7). "Authorities were also reaching out to remote villagers through...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"Village chiefs in Kenya will make house-to-house checks after reports some rural communities were taking advantage of school closures due to the coronavirus to perform female genital mutilation (FGM) on girls, officials and campaigners said" (para 1). "Bernadette Loloju, chief executive of the semi-autonomous government agency Anti-FGM Board, said she had received reports that scores of girls had been forced to undergo FGM in Kenya’s northern Samburu county after schools closed on March 16" (para 4). "Loloju said authorities had deployed village chiefs and community workers to visit rural homesteads and report cases where girls may be at risk" (para 7). "Authorities were also reaching out to remote villagers through...more
Aug. 15, 2023, 6:17 a.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the legislative and policy measures taken by the State party, including awareness-raising initiatives, to address harmful practices (CEDAW/C/CIV/4, paras. 92–93; and CEDAW/C/CIV/Q/4/Add.1, paras. 26–28). It is nevertheless concerned about:... (b) The limited number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and the lenient sentences imposed under Law No. 98-757 of 23 December 1998 criminalizing female genital mutilation (CEDAW/C/CIV/Q/4/Add.1, para. 28) (c) The lack of rehabilitation services for victims of female genital mutilation." (8). "In line with joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices, as well as...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the legislative and policy measures taken by the State party, including awareness-raising initiatives, to address harmful practices (CEDAW/C/CIV/4, paras. 92–93; and CEDAW/C/CIV/Q/4/Add.1, paras. 26–28). It is nevertheless concerned about:... (b) The limited number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and the lenient sentences imposed under Law No. 98-757 of 23 December 1998 criminalizing female genital mutilation (CEDAW/C/CIV/Q/4/Add.1, para. 28) (c) The lack of rehabilitation services for victims of female genital mutilation." (8). "In line with joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices, as well as...more
Aug. 8, 2023, 12:20 p.m.
Countries: Senegal
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A number of measures have been taken by the Senegalese State to eliminate stereotypes. These include: Evaluation of the second national action plan to accelerate the elimination of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in 2018; Ongoing development of the third strategy to combat FGM/C; Engagement of parliamentarians in this political movement through advocacy activities since 2014; Annual allocation of a budget line of 50 million CFA francs by the Government of Senegal to support action to eliminate FGM in 2014; From 1997 to 2018 there were 6,809 community declarations on the elimination of female circumcision, with increasing involvement from traditional and religious leaders, including the Islam and Population Network; 108,958 people...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A number of measures have been taken by the Senegalese State to eliminate stereotypes. These include: Evaluation of the second national action plan to accelerate the elimination of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in 2018; Ongoing development of the third strategy to combat FGM/C; Engagement of parliamentarians in this political movement through advocacy activities since 2014; Annual allocation of a budget line of 50 million CFA francs by the Government of Senegal to support action to eliminate FGM in 2014; From 1997 to 2018 there were 6,809 community declarations on the elimination of female circumcision, with increasing involvement from traditional and religious leaders, including the Islam and Population Network; 108,958 people...more
June 27, 2023, 11:16 p.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"[Female Genital Mutilation and Cutting (FGM/C)] is considered a criminal offense punishable by up to 25 years in prison" (28).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"[Female Genital Mutilation and Cutting (FGM/C)] is considered a criminal offense punishable by up to 25 years in prison" (28).
June 26, 2023, 6:46 p.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
" 'It is very hard to find out who is doing what,' says Esnahs Nyaramba, an anti-FGM campaigner who monitors and reports the practice. 'As long as the mutilator and mutilatee are there, it’s a done deal.' Nyaramba says that many parents take their girls for FGM under the cover of a different medical service. She uses insiders, such as nurses and gate guards, to get information on when the cuts are happening and works with police to stop it. Her organisation, Onsembe, is part of a grassroots movement #FrontlineEndingFGM, that provides live updates on where and when FGM is happening. Organisers say it has made it easier to pressure...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
" 'It is very hard to find out who is doing what,' says Esnahs Nyaramba, an anti-FGM campaigner who monitors and reports the practice. 'As long as the mutilator and mutilatee are there, it’s a done deal.' Nyaramba says that many parents take their girls for FGM under the cover of a different medical service. She uses insiders, such as nurses and gate guards, to get information on when the cuts are happening and works with police to stop it. Her organisation, Onsembe, is part of a grassroots movement #FrontlineEndingFGM, that provides live updates on where and when FGM is happening. Organisers say it has made it easier to pressure...more
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
[There is a] National Strategy to Counter Female Genital Mutilation for 2016–2020" (2). "[A]rticle 61 [of the penal code], exempts from punishment medical doctors and personnel who commit female genital mutilation under the guise of performing cosmetic surgery or the necessity of protecting a third party from grievous harm" (7).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
[There is a] National Strategy to Counter Female Genital Mutilation for 2016–2020" (2). "[A]rticle 61 [of the penal code], exempts from punishment medical doctors and personnel who commit female genital mutilation under the guise of performing cosmetic surgery or the necessity of protecting a third party from grievous harm" (7).
March 18, 2023, 10:20 p.m.
Countries: Ethiopia
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“The Government entered a commitment to end child marriage and FGM by 2025…The Strategy has identified three of the most commonly practiced HTPs namely FGM, child marriage and abduction and has developed detailed implementation plan (action plan) for three years” (9, 26).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
“The Government entered a commitment to end child marriage and FGM by 2025…The Strategy has identified three of the most commonly practiced HTPs namely FGM, child marriage and abduction and has developed detailed implementation plan (action plan) for three years” (9, 26).
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, FSCB-LAW-1
"[T]he acts of female genital mutilation... and forced sterilization of another person in order to prevent their reproduction...were incriminated" (11).
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1, FSCB-LAW-1
"[T]he acts of female genital mutilation... and forced sterilization of another person in order to prevent their reproduction...were incriminated" (11).
March 4, 2023, 7:52 a.m.
Countries: Sierra Leone
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A proposed amendment to the Child Right Act, which has been under review by Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Gender and Children Affairs, would codify cutting as a “harmful practice” and make it illegal to perform the procedure on girls under 18. This is far less than the outright ban than many opponents want. But the path to outlawing the procedure is not a clear one. Powerful individuals and institutions continue to champion the practice — some overtly, some discreetly — on the grounds that it is a key part of Sierra Leone’s culture and values. They often bolster the claim with the assertion that the anti-cutting movement is a Western...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"A proposed amendment to the Child Right Act, which has been under review by Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Gender and Children Affairs, would codify cutting as a “harmful practice” and make it illegal to perform the procedure on girls under 18. This is far less than the outright ban than many opponents want. But the path to outlawing the procedure is not a clear one. Powerful individuals and institutions continue to champion the practice — some overtly, some discreetly — on the grounds that it is a key part of Sierra Leone’s culture and values. They often bolster the claim with the assertion that the anti-cutting movement is a Western...more
Feb. 8, 2023, 1:06 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"She is still suffering from the consequences of her FGM today. 'I'm experiencing PTSD and complicated intersexual relationships,' she said. 'Before coming to the UK in 2019, I was unable to have a sexual relationship. I finally got therapy here and it helped me understand myself and showed me that I can have a normal relationship. I always need to explain myself to a partner and I need to really take my time. Sometimes I'm unable to say I'm a survivor and that this has happened to me. There is so much pain and shame. It takes a lot of energy to explain FGM to a person and it has...more
Variables: INFIB-LAW-1
"She is still suffering from the consequences of her FGM today. 'I'm experiencing PTSD and complicated intersexual relationships,' she said. 'Before coming to the UK in 2019, I was unable to have a sexual relationship. I finally got therapy here and it helped me understand myself and showed me that I can have a normal relationship. I always need to explain myself to a partner and I need to really take my time. Sometimes I'm unable to say I'm a survivor and that this has happened to me. There is so much pain and shame. It takes a lot of energy to explain FGM to a person and it has...more
Feb. 2, 2023, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: INFIB-PRACTICE-1, INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee notes the following with concern:...(c) The lack of reliable statistics on the number of women who have been subjected to... female genital mutilation. The Committee recommends that the State party:...(b) Continue to combat harmful practices, in particular...female genital mutilation, through awareness-raising and education campaigns within target communities and by prosecuting and adequately punishing perpetrators of such acts; (c) Systematically collect data disaggregated by relevant factors on... female genital mutilation" (14-15).
Variables: INFIB-PRACTICE-1, INFIB-LAW-1
"The Committee notes the following with concern:...(c) The lack of reliable statistics on the number of women who have been subjected to... female genital mutilation. The Committee recommends that the State party:...(b) Continue to combat harmful practices, in particular...female genital mutilation, through awareness-raising and education campaigns within target communities and by prosecuting and adequately punishing perpetrators of such acts; (c) Systematically collect data disaggregated by relevant factors on... female genital mutilation" (14-15).