Latest items for IIP-LAW-2
Dec. 12, 2024, 1:55 p.m.
Countries: Brazil
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"There were 77,000 cases of stalking reported in 2023, an increase of 34%. 'This data is particularly relevant because stalking is a crime that often precedes other forms of violence – such as murder,' said Bueno. Stalking was recognised as a crime in Brazil only in 2021, so the rates are expected to increase yearly as more people become aware of the law" (para 18-19).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"There were 77,000 cases of stalking reported in 2023, an increase of 34%. 'This data is particularly relevant because stalking is a crime that often precedes other forms of violence – such as murder,' said Bueno. Stalking was recognised as a crime in Brazil only in 2021, so the rates are expected to increase yearly as more people become aware of the law" (para 18-19).
Dec. 10, 2024, 4 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"On Wednesday, after final passage of a bill to protect women with such measures as increased use of electronic monitoring devices for men stalking or threatening them, lawmakers from the opposition 5-Star Movement pounded rhythmically on their desks 'in a minute of noise'" (para 21).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"On Wednesday, after final passage of a bill to protect women with such measures as increased use of electronic monitoring devices for men stalking or threatening them, lawmakers from the opposition 5-Star Movement pounded rhythmically on their desks 'in a minute of noise'" (para 21).
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The Committee welcomes the...amendments to the Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act to strengthen the duty of public authorities and employers to promote gender equality and to report on it and to authorize the Equality and Anti-Discrimination Tribunal to enforce the prohibition of sexual harassment, in 2020...It notes with concern, however, that a high number of young women are subjected to gendered hate speech online, mostly by men, and that section 185 of the Penal Code on hate speech still does not define gender-based hate speech" (2, 6).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The Committee welcomes the...amendments to the Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act to strengthen the duty of public authorities and employers to promote gender equality and to report on it and to authorize the Equality and Anti-Discrimination Tribunal to enforce the prohibition of sexual harassment, in 2020...It notes with concern, however, that a high number of young women are subjected to gendered hate speech online, mostly by men, and that section 185 of the Penal Code on hate speech still does not define gender-based hate speech" (2, 6).
Nov. 16, 2024, 4:01 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In 2021 — two years and 350 text messages after his initial threats — the woman reported Jeon to the police and filed a criminal complaint. He was charged with stalking. The day before his sentencing was due on those charges, he snuck into the women's bathroom at Seoul's Sindang metro station, wearing a disposable hair cap, waited for her to come in, and stabbed her to death" (Para 3). "An anti-stalking law passed the congress in 2021, more than 20 years after the first such bill was proposed. New amendments to laws on sexual violence have criminalized filming or distributing videos and pictures of someone against their will" (Para...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In 2021 — two years and 350 text messages after his initial threats — the woman reported Jeon to the police and filed a criminal complaint. He was charged with stalking. The day before his sentencing was due on those charges, he snuck into the women's bathroom at Seoul's Sindang metro station, wearing a disposable hair cap, waited for her to come in, and stabbed her to death" (Para 3). "An anti-stalking law passed the congress in 2021, more than 20 years after the first such bill was proposed. New amendments to laws on sexual violence have criminalized filming or distributing videos and pictures of someone against their will" (Para...more
Oct. 16, 2024, 3:16 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In 2021 — two years and 350 text messages after his initial threats — the woman reported Jeon to the police and filed a criminal complaint. He was charged with stalking. The day before his sentencing was due on those charges, he snuck into the women's bathroom at Seoul's Sindang metro station, wearing a disposable hair cap, waited for her to come in, and stabbed her to death" (Para 3). "An anti-stalking law passed the congress in 2021, more than 20 years after the first such bill was proposed. New amendments to laws on sexual violence have criminalized filming or distributing videos and pictures of someone against their will" (Para...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In 2021 — two years and 350 text messages after his initial threats — the woman reported Jeon to the police and filed a criminal complaint. He was charged with stalking. The day before his sentencing was due on those charges, he snuck into the women's bathroom at Seoul's Sindang metro station, wearing a disposable hair cap, waited for her to come in, and stabbed her to death" (Para 3). "An anti-stalking law passed the congress in 2021, more than 20 years after the first such bill was proposed. New amendments to laws on sexual violence have criminalized filming or distributing videos and pictures of someone against their will" (Para...more
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2, IIP-LAW-2
"No entity currently monitors sexual harassment in Belize. Sexual harassment is one of concern raised at the legal clinics. Since cultural norms normalize sexual harassment in many domains it surely impacts women and girls in Belize. Although national sexual harassment campaigns have not been done by any entity, it is usually integrated into training programs and addressed during 16 days of activism campaigns" (34).
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2, IIP-LAW-2
"No entity currently monitors sexual harassment in Belize. Sexual harassment is one of concern raised at the legal clinics. Since cultural norms normalize sexual harassment in many domains it surely impacts women and girls in Belize. Although national sexual harassment campaigns have not been done by any entity, it is usually integrated into training programs and addressed during 16 days of activism campaigns" (34).
Aug. 9, 2024, 7:09 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
“A law that could punish street harassment such as wolf whistling with up to two years in prison cleared the House of Commons today. The legislation was given its third reading by MPs with support from the government - and is being tightened to prevent people claiming they were only engaging in banter. It is already an offence under the 1986 Public Order Act to deliberately harass or cause alarm or distress. However, the Protection from Sex-based Harassment in Public Bill introduced by former Cabinet minister Greg Clark would create a specific new offence. There would also be harsher punishments for perpetrators, raising the maximum time behind bars from six...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
“A law that could punish street harassment such as wolf whistling with up to two years in prison cleared the House of Commons today. The legislation was given its third reading by MPs with support from the government - and is being tightened to prevent people claiming they were only engaging in banter. It is already an offence under the 1986 Public Order Act to deliberately harass or cause alarm or distress. However, the Protection from Sex-based Harassment in Public Bill introduced by former Cabinet minister Greg Clark would create a specific new offence. There would also be harsher punishments for perpetrators, raising the maximum time behind bars from six...more
July 18, 2024, 6:38 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"They also introduced bill No. 5890, which provides for the adoption of an Act on preventing, addressing and punishing sexual and psychological violence against women in public institutions. The bill was introduced in a plenary session in March 2021" (7).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"They also introduced bill No. 5890, which provides for the adoption of an Act on preventing, addressing and punishing sexual and psychological violence against women in public institutions. The bill was introduced in a plenary session in March 2021" (7).
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[T]he Government acknowledges that currently there is no specific legislation that addresses sexual abuse" (15). “The Education Policy clearly prohibits teachers and other school staff members from having sexual relationships with learners because of their custodial responsibilities and strict penalties are applied for those who violate this provision. Furthermore, the ongoing development of the GBV referral system is intended to strengthen implementation of the Penal Code provision on defilement through networking of key service providers for effective response to this issue” (18).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[T]he Government acknowledges that currently there is no specific legislation that addresses sexual abuse" (15). “The Education Policy clearly prohibits teachers and other school staff members from having sexual relationships with learners because of their custodial responsibilities and strict penalties are applied for those who violate this provision. Furthermore, the ongoing development of the GBV referral system is intended to strengthen implementation of the Penal Code provision on defilement through networking of key service providers for effective response to this issue” (18).
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[T]he Protection from Harassment Act was amended in 2019 to better protect victims from harassment, intimate partner violence and related anti-social behaviour, such as cyberbullying, stalking and sexual harassment" (3). "POHA made unlawful stalking an offence" (36).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[T]he Protection from Harassment Act was amended in 2019 to better protect victims from harassment, intimate partner violence and related anti-social behaviour, such as cyberbullying, stalking and sexual harassment" (3). "POHA made unlawful stalking an offence" (36).
Nov. 6, 2023, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[Amendment IX to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted in August 2015] refined the provisions on crimes of forcible molestation and humiliation of women and imposed harsher penalties for such crimes (i.e., a minimum of 5 years and up to 15 years of imprisonment for cases with execrable circumstances)" (7).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[Amendment IX to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted in August 2015] refined the provisions on crimes of forcible molestation and humiliation of women and imposed harsher penalties for such crimes (i.e., a minimum of 5 years and up to 15 years of imprisonment for cases with execrable circumstances)" (7).
Nov. 3, 2023, 4:52 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"'The separation of genders is not a fundamental solution," said Yun. "What women need more are robust laws and measures to tackle gender-based violence along with adequate protection measures'" (para 19).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"'The separation of genders is not a fundamental solution," said Yun. "What women need more are robust laws and measures to tackle gender-based violence along with adequate protection measures'" (para 19).
Aug. 15, 2023, 5:22 p.m.
Countries: Bahamas
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The law prohibits criminal quid pro quo sexual harassment and authorizes penalties of up to B$5,000 ($5,000) and a maximum of two years’ imprisonment" (12).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The law prohibits criminal quid pro quo sexual harassment and authorizes penalties of up to B$5,000 ($5,000) and a maximum of two years’ imprisonment" (12).
Aug. 15, 2023, 5:31 a.m.
Countries: Canada
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, IIP-LAW-2
"...Days before the attack, he had been released after being charged with stalking and sexual assault of unrelated women" (Para. 13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-2, IIP-LAW-2
"...Days before the attack, he had been released after being charged with stalking and sexual assault of unrelated women" (Para. 13).
July 25, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[There is no] law that defines and effectively prohibits violence and harassment, including sexual harassment, in the workplace, which is reportedly prevalent in the State party, particularly in the garment industry and while commuting to and from work" (11).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[There is no] law that defines and effectively prohibits violence and harassment, including sexual harassment, in the workplace, which is reportedly prevalent in the State party, particularly in the garment industry and while commuting to and from work" (11).
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Law Number 16/2014 (Sexual Harassment Act) provides protection from all forms of sexual harassment at the place of employment and in public spaces. The Act further allows for investigation to be conducted within the organisation where a special committee is required to be established, and allows for redress mechanisms to be employed..."(5). "The Government has long identified the need for the adoption of legislatio which would prevent Sexual Harassment in public spaces." (9). "Bringing the above fears and realities into the public discourse, the Government’s adoption of Law Number 16/2014 (Prevention of Sexual Harassment Act) provides the necessary legal protections for women in both public spaces and in the work...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Law Number 16/2014 (Sexual Harassment Act) provides protection from all forms of sexual harassment at the place of employment and in public spaces. The Act further allows for investigation to be conducted within the organisation where a special committee is required to be established, and allows for redress mechanisms to be employed..."(5). "The Government has long identified the need for the adoption of legislatio which would prevent Sexual Harassment in public spaces." (9). "Bringing the above fears and realities into the public discourse, the Government’s adoption of Law Number 16/2014 (Prevention of Sexual Harassment Act) provides the necessary legal protections for women in both public spaces and in the work...more
June 27, 2023, 11:15 p.m.
Countries: Algeria
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The punishment for sexual harassment is one to two years’ imprisonment and a fine of dinars 50,000 to 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment doubles for a second offense" (29).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The punishment for sexual harassment is one to two years’ imprisonment and a fine of dinars 50,000 to 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment doubles for a second offense" (29).
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[A]nd in 2019 the legislation adopted included:…the Personal Data Act of 2 July 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This legislation protects the information of citizens, ensuring that their privacy and sensitive information is not disbursed without the consent of the individual in question. This can impact women's protection online by protecting their information which can curb instances of online stalking). "A significant contribution to the development of gender legislation adopted in Uzbekistan was made in 2019 by, inter alia:...[T]he Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence Act of 2 September 2019..."(4). "The Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence Act of 2 September 2019 defines the concepts of sexual, physical,...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"[A]nd in 2019 the legislation adopted included:…the Personal Data Act of 2 July 2019…"(4)(NF - CODER COMMENT - This legislation protects the information of citizens, ensuring that their privacy and sensitive information is not disbursed without the consent of the individual in question. This can impact women's protection online by protecting their information which can curb instances of online stalking). "A significant contribution to the development of gender legislation adopted in Uzbekistan was made in 2019 by, inter alia:...[T]he Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence Act of 2 September 2019..."(4). "The Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence Act of 2 September 2019 defines the concepts of sexual, physical,...more
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Stalking is introduced as a new criminal offense with special forms of this offense committed against a former spouse or common-law partner, a minor, a pregnant woman, or a person with a disability" (11).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Stalking is introduced as a new criminal offense with special forms of this offense committed against a former spouse or common-law partner, a minor, a pregnant woman, or a person with a disability" (11).
March 4, 2023, 7:01 a.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"As a result of the social resistance against this issue, the Egyptian government amended the country’s penal code in 2021 turning sexual harassment from a misdemeanor into a felony and increasing the severity of punishment" (Para. 10).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"As a result of the social resistance against this issue, the Egyptian government amended the country’s penal code in 2021 turning sexual harassment from a misdemeanor into a felony and increasing the severity of punishment" (Para. 10).
Feb. 24, 2023, 12:54 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Sexual Harassment at Workplace (Offence and Punishment) Act, 2014 is being implemented to end all forms of sexual harassment against women at workplaces. In line with the SC’s order, Procedural Guidelines on the Prevention of Sexual Harassment against Working Women at Workplaces like cabin restaurants and dance bars is in operation with an aim to develop women employee’s capacity and confidence to be resilient against all forms of sexual harassment, awareness raising, utilizing a confidential and safe system for filing complaints, and facilitating delivery of justice at the workplace." (15).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Sexual Harassment at Workplace (Offence and Punishment) Act, 2014 is being implemented to end all forms of sexual harassment against women at workplaces. In line with the SC’s order, Procedural Guidelines on the Prevention of Sexual Harassment against Working Women at Workplaces like cabin restaurants and dance bars is in operation with an aim to develop women employee’s capacity and confidence to be resilient against all forms of sexual harassment, awareness raising, utilizing a confidential and safe system for filing complaints, and facilitating delivery of justice at the workplace." (15).
Feb. 18, 2023, 11:11 a.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In June of this year, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport allowed taxi ride-sharing services for the first time after the practice was prohibited in 1982. However, except for van-type cabs which accommodate five passengers and more, ride-sharing is limited only between people of the same sex." (Para.9). " 'The separation of genders is not a fundamental solution,' said Yun. 'What women need more are robust laws and measures to tackle gender-based violence along with adequate protection measures.' " (Para.19) CC(statement indicates that the country does not have proper laws that could protect women from gender based violence).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"In June of this year, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport allowed taxi ride-sharing services for the first time after the practice was prohibited in 1982. However, except for van-type cabs which accommodate five passengers and more, ride-sharing is limited only between people of the same sex." (Para.9). " 'The separation of genders is not a fundamental solution,' said Yun. 'What women need more are robust laws and measures to tackle gender-based violence along with adequate protection measures.' " (Para.19) CC(statement indicates that the country does not have proper laws that could protect women from gender based violence).
Feb. 18, 2023, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Huang Simin, a mainland-based rights lawyer who has worked on cases related to gender violence ... said 'Because China has few laws that explicitly address gender-based violence...many people do not have the framework to understand the attack in terms of gender. The attackers were charged with 'picking quarrels and provoking trouble' and intentional assault." (Para.18-20).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Huang Simin, a mainland-based rights lawyer who has worked on cases related to gender violence ... said 'Because China has few laws that explicitly address gender-based violence...many people do not have the framework to understand the attack in terms of gender. The attackers were charged with 'picking quarrels and provoking trouble' and intentional assault." (Para.18-20).
Feb. 18, 2023, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Rape prosecutions fell nearly 60% in four years to 2,102 in 2019-20 even as the number of reports to police increased. Figures published last year showed the proportion of rape complainants dropping out of cases had risen from 25% to 43% over a five-year period to December 2020. Edwards said one of the reasons women were dropping out were because of intrusive information collection" (Para.6). (John Edwards, the UK information commissioner). "Jayne Butler, the CEO of Rape Crisis England and Wales, said the recommendations 'have the potential to drastically improve the experiences of victims and survivors going through the criminal justice process. If implemented, these changes could support the police...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Rape prosecutions fell nearly 60% in four years to 2,102 in 2019-20 even as the number of reports to police increased. Figures published last year showed the proportion of rape complainants dropping out of cases had risen from 25% to 43% over a five-year period to December 2020. Edwards said one of the reasons women were dropping out were because of intrusive information collection" (Para.6). (John Edwards, the UK information commissioner). "Jayne Butler, the CEO of Rape Crisis England and Wales, said the recommendations 'have the potential to drastically improve the experiences of victims and survivors going through the criminal justice process. If implemented, these changes could support the police...more
Feb. 4, 2023, 6:14 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"This Act includes a comprehensive list of detrimental actions that a whistle - blower should be protected from including dismissal, redundancy, demotion, transfer or refusal to transfer, disciplinary action, discriminatory treatment, and change in working conditions. The Act also recognises that detrimental action can also be taken against a person associated with or related to a whistle-blower. It is not only applicable to government and its officials but also covers the non-state sector." (5) (NF - CODER COMMENT - Though not explicitly stated, this act can also apply to sexual harassment and other forms of harassment within the work place and other public spaces). "However, several pieces of legislation are...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"This Act includes a comprehensive list of detrimental actions that a whistle - blower should be protected from including dismissal, redundancy, demotion, transfer or refusal to transfer, disciplinary action, discriminatory treatment, and change in working conditions. The Act also recognises that detrimental action can also be taken against a person associated with or related to a whistle-blower. It is not only applicable to government and its officials but also covers the non-state sector." (5) (NF - CODER COMMENT - Though not explicitly stated, this act can also apply to sexual harassment and other forms of harassment within the work place and other public spaces). "However, several pieces of legislation are...more
Feb. 2, 2023, 2:39 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: PRN-LAW-1, IIP-LAW-2
"In many US states including New York, revenge porn laws are stronger today than they were just a few years ago" (para 5). "Nearly all 50 states now have laws that outlaw nonconsensual pornography, or revenge porn. Most states make it a criminal offense to disseminate intimate images of someone if the defendant acted with intent to harm. In New York City, a law passed in 2017 goes even further, making it a crime to even threaten to send revenge porn. Victims can also go to family court and get a civil restraining order directing offenders to destroy the victims’ intimate images in their possession, or face arrest if they...more
Variables: PRN-LAW-1, IIP-LAW-2
"In many US states including New York, revenge porn laws are stronger today than they were just a few years ago" (para 5). "Nearly all 50 states now have laws that outlaw nonconsensual pornography, or revenge porn. Most states make it a criminal offense to disseminate intimate images of someone if the defendant acted with intent to harm. In New York City, a law passed in 2017 goes even further, making it a crime to even threaten to send revenge porn. Victims can also go to family court and get a civil restraining order directing offenders to destroy the victims’ intimate images in their possession, or face arrest if they...more
Dec. 28, 2022, 8:06 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Indonesia has passed a landmark bill that for the first time outlaws…sexual harassment…[T]he House of Representatives passed the long-awaited legislation that criminialises nine forms of sexual violence, including physical and verbal assault, harrassment, forced sterilisation and exploitation. The new law includes 15-year prison sentences for sexual exploitation, nine years for forced marriage and four years for circulating non-consensual sexual content" (para 1, 2, 3).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Indonesia has passed a landmark bill that for the first time outlaws…sexual harassment…[T]he House of Representatives passed the long-awaited legislation that criminialises nine forms of sexual violence, including physical and verbal assault, harrassment, forced sterilisation and exploitation. The new law includes 15-year prison sentences for sexual exploitation, nine years for forced marriage and four years for circulating non-consensual sexual content" (para 1, 2, 3).
Dec. 8, 2022, 3:20 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Sirajuddin Haqqani, Afghanistan's acting interior minister and Taliban co-deputy leader, joked his government will 'keep naughty women at home', referring to women who 'are controlled by other sides to question the current government' during an interview with CNN" (para 9). "Taliban leaders introduced regulations such as limiting women's movement without a male chaperone…The decree said that women should leave the home only when necessary" (para 19).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"Sirajuddin Haqqani, Afghanistan's acting interior minister and Taliban co-deputy leader, joked his government will 'keep naughty women at home', referring to women who 'are controlled by other sides to question the current government' during an interview with CNN" (para 9). "Taliban leaders introduced regulations such as limiting women's movement without a male chaperone…The decree said that women should leave the home only when necessary" (para 19).
Nov. 30, 2022, 7:53 a.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"As a result of the social resistance against this issue, the Egyptian government amended the country’s penal code in 2021 turning sexual harassment from a misdemeanor into a felony and increasing the severity of punishment" (Para. 10).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"As a result of the social resistance against this issue, the Egyptian government amended the country’s penal code in 2021 turning sexual harassment from a misdemeanor into a felony and increasing the severity of punishment" (Para. 10).
July 6, 2022, 10:35 a.m.
Countries: Djibouti
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The adoption of Act No. 221/AN/17/8 L amending and supplementing Act No. 133/AN/05/5 L of 28 January 2006 on the Labour Code of 25 June 2018, which prohibits sexual harassment, which is now punishable by a fine of one to two million Djibouti francs and a term of one month of imprisonment. A repeat offence shall be punishable by a term of two months of imprisonment or a doubled fine, or both" (13).
Variables: IIP-LAW-2
"The adoption of Act No. 221/AN/17/8 L amending and supplementing Act No. 133/AN/05/5 L of 28 January 2006 on the Labour Code of 25 June 2018, which prohibits sexual harassment, which is now punishable by a fine of one to two million Djibouti francs and a term of one month of imprisonment. A repeat offence shall be punishable by a term of two months of imprisonment or a doubled fine, or both" (13).