Latest items for GIC-LAW-1
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:16 p.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Meanwhile, the state is understood to provide nurseries to ease the burden of raising children, and offers 77 days of paid leave after childbirth" (para 31). "According to North Korean state media reports this year, the country has introduced a set of benefits for families with three or more children, including preferential free housing arrangements, state subsidies, free food, medicine and household goods and educational perks for children" (para 38).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Meanwhile, the state is understood to provide nurseries to ease the burden of raising children, and offers 77 days of paid leave after childbirth" (para 31). "According to North Korean state media reports this year, the country has introduced a set of benefits for families with three or more children, including preferential free housing arrangements, state subsidies, free food, medicine and household goods and educational perks for children" (para 38).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:28 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"While women get five months’ maternity leave, fathers are entitled to just 10 days" (para 24). "Presenting the government’s 2024 budget, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who has made clear her desire to increase the birth rate, announced measures for families with children, including free nursery care for a second child, the temporary exemption of women with two or more children from social security contributions, and benefits for companies that hire mothers on permanent contracts" (para 30).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"While women get five months’ maternity leave, fathers are entitled to just 10 days" (para 24). "Presenting the government’s 2024 budget, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who has made clear her desire to increase the birth rate, announced measures for families with children, including free nursery care for a second child, the temporary exemption of women with two or more children from social security contributions, and benefits for companies that hire mothers on permanent contracts" (para 30).
Dec. 12, 2024, 1:26 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Successive South Korean governments have tried pretty much everything to try to persuade women to have babies. Among their initiatives: subsidized housing for newlyweds, discounted postpartum care for new mothers, even a 'baby payment' of $2,250 for each newborn. Now corporate South Korea is getting in on the act, trying to stave off a demographic crisis that could see the country’s workforce halve within 50 years. Some are pledging millions of dollars in bonuses for their staff who become parents. 'We will continue to do what we can as a company to solve the low-birth issue,' Lee Joong-keun, the chairman of Booyoung Group, a Seoul-based construction company, said last week...more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Successive South Korean governments have tried pretty much everything to try to persuade women to have babies. Among their initiatives: subsidized housing for newlyweds, discounted postpartum care for new mothers, even a 'baby payment' of $2,250 for each newborn. Now corporate South Korea is getting in on the act, trying to stave off a demographic crisis that could see the country’s workforce halve within 50 years. Some are pledging millions of dollars in bonuses for their staff who become parents. 'We will continue to do what we can as a company to solve the low-birth issue,' Lee Joong-keun, the chairman of Booyoung Group, a Seoul-based construction company, said last week...more
Dec. 10, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"In the late 1970s, the government imposed its one-child policy to rein in population growth. But this led to plummeting birthrates, an aging population and a gender imbalance as millions of female fetuses were aborted because of a traditional preference for male heirs. (As of 2020, China still had about 17.5 million more men than women between the ages of 20 and 40, which government media has warned could pose a threat to social stability.) Worried, the government abandoned the one-child policy beginning in 2016, allowing all married couples to have two children and raising that to three in 2021" (para 8).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"In the late 1970s, the government imposed its one-child policy to rein in population growth. But this led to plummeting birthrates, an aging population and a gender imbalance as millions of female fetuses were aborted because of a traditional preference for male heirs. (As of 2020, China still had about 17.5 million more men than women between the ages of 20 and 40, which government media has warned could pose a threat to social stability.) Worried, the government abandoned the one-child policy beginning in 2016, allowing all married couples to have two children and raising that to three in 2021" (para 8).
Dec. 6, 2024, 3:53 p.m.
Countries: Russia
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Last year, the Kremlin reintroduced the Soviet-era Mother Heroine award for women who have 10 or more children, offering a lump sum cash prize of $16,500" (para 30).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Last year, the Kremlin reintroduced the Soviet-era Mother Heroine award for women who have 10 or more children, offering a lump sum cash prize of $16,500" (para 30).
Dec. 6, 2024, 9:34 a.m.
Countries: New Zealand
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"Under Ms. Ardern, they say, New Zealand extended paid parental leave from about four months to six months, decriminalized abortion, introduced free menstruation products in schools and strengthened pay equity and domestic violence laws" (para 13). "Women’s issues, which were at the center of Ms. Ardern’s platform, have scarcely featured in the election campaign of the two main parties. One issue that has — paid parental leave for non-birth parents — has struggled to find momentum or consensus, as lawmakers across the political aisle have stymied one another’s efforts" (para 21).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"Under Ms. Ardern, they say, New Zealand extended paid parental leave from about four months to six months, decriminalized abortion, introduced free menstruation products in schools and strengthened pay equity and domestic violence laws" (para 13). "Women’s issues, which were at the center of Ms. Ardern’s platform, have scarcely featured in the election campaign of the two main parties. One issue that has — paid parental leave for non-birth parents — has struggled to find momentum or consensus, as lawmakers across the political aisle have stymied one another’s efforts" (para 21).
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the…[i]ncreases in the grant scheme for family and equality measures to strengthen funding for the activities of non-governmental organizations on gender equality by 70 per cent, in 2022" (2). "The Committee...welcomes the instauration of flexible working arrangements... [and] parental leave schemes and childcare facilities" (11).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Committee welcomes the…[i]ncreases in the grant scheme for family and equality measures to strengthen funding for the activities of non-governmental organizations on gender equality by 70 per cent, in 2022" (2). "The Committee...welcomes the instauration of flexible working arrangements... [and] parental leave schemes and childcare facilities" (11).
Nov. 29, 2024, 3:21 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“The Children and Families Agency, launched in April 2023, held its first working group meeting on Friday to support young people in their efforts to find partners through dating, matchmaking and other means. Attenders included those considering marriage in the future and experts versed in the challenges facing younger people” (para 2). “Local governments have responded with measures ranging from daycare to matchmaking. In June, the Tokyo metropolitan government said it would launch a dating app as early as this summer. The economist Takashi Kadokura said on a Yahoo Japan news blog that local government efforts to promote marriage were not working and marriages were not increasing because of the...more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“The Children and Families Agency, launched in April 2023, held its first working group meeting on Friday to support young people in their efforts to find partners through dating, matchmaking and other means. Attenders included those considering marriage in the future and experts versed in the challenges facing younger people” (para 2). “Local governments have responded with measures ranging from daycare to matchmaking. In June, the Tokyo metropolitan government said it would launch a dating app as early as this summer. The economist Takashi Kadokura said on a Yahoo Japan news blog that local government efforts to promote marriage were not working and marriages were not increasing because of the...more
Nov. 29, 2024, 3:10 p.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“North Korea implemented birth control programs in the 1970-80s to slow a postwar population growth. The country’s fertility rate recorded a major decline following a famine in the mid-1990s that was estimated to have killed hundreds of thousands of people, the Seoul-based Hyundai Research Institute said in a report in August” (para 10). “According to North Korean state media reports this year, the country has introduced a set of benefits for families with three or more children, including preferential free housing arrangements, state subsidies, free food, medicine and household goods and educational perks for children” (para 12).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“North Korea implemented birth control programs in the 1970-80s to slow a postwar population growth. The country’s fertility rate recorded a major decline following a famine in the mid-1990s that was estimated to have killed hundreds of thousands of people, the Seoul-based Hyundai Research Institute said in a report in August” (para 10). “According to North Korean state media reports this year, the country has introduced a set of benefits for families with three or more children, including preferential free housing arrangements, state subsidies, free food, medicine and household goods and educational perks for children” (para 12).
Nov. 22, 2024, 10:35 a.m.
Countries: Russia
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"A new law criminalising 'child-free propaganda' passed the lower house of parliament earlier this month. It still have to be passed by the upper house and signed by President Putin. 'Childfree propaganda is a socially dangerous phenomenon. The Americans are promoting this. Our country is vast and their ideology is dangerous. Under no circumstances should it be allowed to spread,' Vyacheslav Volodin, the speaker of the lower house, said in October. The Russian Orthodox Church is on board. 'Child-free is an ideology…that claims children are not obligatory in life and, more generally, even fosters hatred toward children,' said Father Fyodor Lukyanov, the head of the patriarch’s Commission on the Family...more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"A new law criminalising 'child-free propaganda' passed the lower house of parliament earlier this month. It still have to be passed by the upper house and signed by President Putin. 'Childfree propaganda is a socially dangerous phenomenon. The Americans are promoting this. Our country is vast and their ideology is dangerous. Under no circumstances should it be allowed to spread,' Vyacheslav Volodin, the speaker of the lower house, said in October. The Russian Orthodox Church is on board. 'Child-free is an ideology…that claims children are not obligatory in life and, more generally, even fosters hatred toward children,' said Father Fyodor Lukyanov, the head of the patriarch’s Commission on the Family...more
Nov. 16, 2024, 2:56 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the British Women’s Equality Party, accused the government of leaving mothers to work on 'pittance wages' while raising children. Speaking before the crowd, she said 'underpaid, undervalued, largely women workers' were paying the cost for the 'failures' of the political system" (para 15).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Mandu Reid, the leader of the British Women’s Equality Party, accused the government of leaving mothers to work on 'pittance wages' while raising children. Speaking before the crowd, she said 'underpaid, undervalued, largely women workers' were paying the cost for the 'failures' of the political system" (para 15).
Nov. 13, 2024, 12:12 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1, GIC-LAW-1
Britain's tax system penalises couples and 'actively discourages' them from having children, a Conservative MP has said. Miriam Cates called on the Government to recognise both the cost and value of raising children by removing the 'family penalty'. She also described marriage as a 'middle-class secret' as the political class has failed to speak up for the benefits it brings. Her comments will put Chancellor Jeremy Hunt under fresh pressure as he works on next month's Budget, as other Tories have already called on him to make childcare more affordable. Mrs Cates, a married mother-of-three who represents Penistone and Stocksbridge in South Yorkshire, warned in a speech this week that...more
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1, GIC-LAW-1
Britain's tax system penalises couples and 'actively discourages' them from having children, a Conservative MP has said. Miriam Cates called on the Government to recognise both the cost and value of raising children by removing the 'family penalty'. She also described marriage as a 'middle-class secret' as the political class has failed to speak up for the benefits it brings. Her comments will put Chancellor Jeremy Hunt under fresh pressure as he works on next month's Budget, as other Tories have already called on him to make childcare more affordable. Mrs Cates, a married mother-of-three who represents Penistone and Stocksbridge in South Yorkshire, warned in a speech this week that...more
Nov. 12, 2024, 6:12 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“In December of that year, as Korea’s fertility rate hovered at 1.2 births per woman (it has since slid to 0.78, the lowest in the world), the Korean government launched an online ‘National Birth Map’ that showed the number of women of reproductive age in each municipality, illustrating just what it expected of its female citizens. (South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol won the election in March 2022 with a message that blamed feminism for Korea’s low birth rate, and a promise to abolish the country’s Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.)” (para 15).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
“In December of that year, as Korea’s fertility rate hovered at 1.2 births per woman (it has since slid to 0.78, the lowest in the world), the Korean government launched an online ‘National Birth Map’ that showed the number of women of reproductive age in each municipality, illustrating just what it expected of its female citizens. (South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol won the election in March 2022 with a message that blamed feminism for Korea’s low birth rate, and a promise to abolish the country’s Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.)” (para 15).
Nov. 12, 2024, 1:32 p.m.
Countries: Latvia
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Committee recommends that the State party…swiftly implement the envisaged reform to the maternity, paternity and parental leave scheme to make the parental leave quotas non-transferable" (11-12).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Committee recommends that the State party…swiftly implement the envisaged reform to the maternity, paternity and parental leave scheme to make the parental leave quotas non-transferable" (11-12).
Nov. 5, 2024, 1:18 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Measures [to encourage marriage and childbirth] have included relaxing the sweeping policy that for decades controlled the number of children married couples could have, as well as attempting to find ways to incentivize childbirth and marriage" (para 16).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Measures [to encourage marriage and childbirth] have included relaxing the sweeping policy that for decades controlled the number of children married couples could have, as well as attempting to find ways to incentivize childbirth and marriage" (para 16).
Nov. 5, 2024, 1:02 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Under current guidelines, single women are barred from freezing their eggs, with assisted reproductive technologies only available to married women with fertility issues" (para 3). "After China reported its first population drop in six decades amid record low birth and marriage rates, government political advisers proposed in March that single and unmarried women should have access to egg freezing and IVF treatment" (para 5). "China further loosened family planning regulations in 2021, allowing married couples to have up to three children after decades of enforcing the controversial single-child policy which ended in 2015. But same-sex couples remain barred from marriage and adoption, and surrogacy is illegal" (para 16).more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Under current guidelines, single women are barred from freezing their eggs, with assisted reproductive technologies only available to married women with fertility issues" (para 3). "After China reported its first population drop in six decades amid record low birth and marriage rates, government political advisers proposed in March that single and unmarried women should have access to egg freezing and IVF treatment" (para 5). "China further loosened family planning regulations in 2021, allowing married couples to have up to three children after decades of enforcing the controversial single-child policy which ended in 2015. But same-sex couples remain barred from marriage and adoption, and surrogacy is illegal" (para 16).more
Nov. 5, 2024, 12:59 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Chinese government wants to make the technology [vitro fertilization], which it made legal in 2001, more accessible. It has promised to cover some of the cost — typically several thousand dollars for each round — under national medical insurance. It is one of more than a dozen policy measures that Chinese officials are throwing at what they see as a very big problem — a fertility rate so low that China’s population has started to shrink" (para 5). "China recently promised to build at least one facility offering I.V.F. for every 2.3 million to three million people by 2025. It currently has 539 medical institutions and 27 sperm banks...more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Chinese government wants to make the technology [vitro fertilization], which it made legal in 2001, more accessible. It has promised to cover some of the cost — typically several thousand dollars for each round — under national medical insurance. It is one of more than a dozen policy measures that Chinese officials are throwing at what they see as a very big problem — a fertility rate so low that China’s population has started to shrink" (para 5). "China recently promised to build at least one facility offering I.V.F. for every 2.3 million to three million people by 2025. It currently has 539 medical institutions and 27 sperm banks...more
Nov. 1, 2024, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Sierra Leone
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-2, GIC-LAW-1
"Medical care for pregnant women and babies is mostly free now in Sierra Leone, as is contraception" (para 5).
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-2, GIC-LAW-1
"Medical care for pregnant women and babies is mostly free now in Sierra Leone, as is contraception" (para 5).
Oct. 17, 2024, 6:46 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy. The court also decided that the specifics of legislation regulating the practice would be up to individual states" (par. 1-3).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy. The court also decided that the specifics of legislation regulating the practice would be up to individual states" (par. 1-3).
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The 2011 Revised Labour Act maintained the maternity leave entitlement of a female worker at fourteen weeks on full pay. It coincides with the Social Security Act which stipulates that 80 per cent maternity benefits are paid from Social Security while the employer pays the difference. The Act reiterates that women who do not qualify for maternity benefits from Social Security are to be paid by the employer. Women who experience complications from delivery, can claim sickness benefits if unable to return to work once maternity leave expires" (33).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The 2011 Revised Labour Act maintained the maternity leave entitlement of a female worker at fourteen weeks on full pay. It coincides with the Social Security Act which stipulates that 80 per cent maternity benefits are paid from Social Security while the employer pays the difference. The Act reiterates that women who do not qualify for maternity benefits from Social Security are to be paid by the employer. Women who experience complications from delivery, can claim sickness benefits if unable to return to work once maternity leave expires" (33).
April 30, 2024, 5:55 p.m.
Countries: South Africa
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"South Africa’s laws and regulations do cater for non-standard workers. They’re supposed to get health protection in the workplace, maternity leave and job security. But the policy framework is fragmented and employers don’t always comply. For instance, some women lose their income for the months they are on maternity leave" (para 16).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"South Africa’s laws and regulations do cater for non-standard workers. They’re supposed to get health protection in the workplace, maternity leave and job security. But the policy framework is fragmented and employers don’t always comply. For instance, some women lose their income for the months they are on maternity leave" (para 16).
April 19, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Serbia
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[F]inancial incentives are offered for mothers with three or more children" (7).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[F]inancial incentives are offered for mothers with three or more children" (7).
March 30, 2024, 2:46 p.m.
Countries: Lithuania
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[T]he package of basic services for families,[ strengthens] the socioeconomic status of women and provid[es] additional social benefits for mothers with five or more children" (12-13). "[T]he first two months of the parental leave quota, including leave for mothers and for fathers, [are] non -transferrable for both parents" (13).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[T]he package of basic services for families,[ strengthens] the socioeconomic status of women and provid[es] additional social benefits for mothers with five or more children" (12-13). "[T]he first two months of the parental leave quota, including leave for mothers and for fathers, [are] non -transferrable for both parents" (13).
Jan. 19, 2024, 12:06 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[An aim] of the [National Education Sector] strategy To is to] promote the establishment of preschools" (15).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[An aim] of the [National Education Sector] strategy To is to] promote the establishment of preschools" (15).
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"The Employment (Amendment) Act of 2010 has set a minimum pay of 50% salary for women on maternity leave as compared to the previous dispensation where it was left to the discretion of the employer" (19, 30).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"The Employment (Amendment) Act of 2010 has set a minimum pay of 50% salary for women on maternity leave as compared to the previous dispensation where it was left to the discretion of the employer" (19, 30).
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Every Singaporean also received a one-off cash pay-out from the Care and Support package, Solidarity Payment and the Solidarity Utilities Credit" (5). "Shared Parental Leave was increased from 1 to 4 weeks" (6). "In 2017, the Government legislated the second week of Government-Paid Paternity Leave, and increased Shared Parental Leave from one to four weeks. Childcare and Infant Care Leave entitlements are also extended equally to working fathers and mothers" (14)."Preschool services have been made more affordable through universal subsidies for all families with Singaporean children enrolled in childcare and infant care programmes, and additional means-tested subsidies for low- and middle-income families" (15).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"Every Singaporean also received a one-off cash pay-out from the Care and Support package, Solidarity Payment and the Solidarity Utilities Credit" (5). "Shared Parental Leave was increased from 1 to 4 weeks" (6). "In 2017, the Government legislated the second week of Government-Paid Paternity Leave, and increased Shared Parental Leave from one to four weeks. Childcare and Infant Care Leave entitlements are also extended equally to working fathers and mothers" (14)."Preschool services have been made more affordable through universal subsidies for all families with Singaporean children enrolled in childcare and infant care programmes, and additional means-tested subsidies for low- and middle-income families" (15).
Dec. 5, 2023, 11:18 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[T]he lack of social welfare provisions for families such as free or low-cost childcare [are factors behind low fertility]" (pp 12). "The government has tried to address some of the social complaints with new policies on tax deductions, childcare, parental leave, and the costs associated with raising children. It banned the $1bn private tutoring industry to improve study-life balance and assist parents who couldn’t afford the growing competition" (pp 19).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"[T]he lack of social welfare provisions for families such as free or low-cost childcare [are factors behind low fertility]" (pp 12). "The government has tried to address some of the social complaints with new policies on tax deductions, childcare, parental leave, and the costs associated with raising children. It banned the $1bn private tutoring industry to improve study-life balance and assist parents who couldn’t afford the growing competition" (pp 19).
Nov. 28, 2023, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"The high cost of childcare is a major deterrent to having children in China" (pp 4). "China has been trying to encourage couples to have more children with tax breaks and cash handouts, as well as more generous maternity leave, medical insurance and housing subsidies" (pp 16).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"The high cost of childcare is a major deterrent to having children in China" (pp 4). "China has been trying to encourage couples to have more children with tax breaks and cash handouts, as well as more generous maternity leave, medical insurance and housing subsidies" (pp 16).
Nov. 21, 2023, 6:10 p.m.
Countries: United Kingdom
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Court of Appeal has upheld legislation which allows the abortion of babies with Down's syndrome up until birth, after a challenge by a woman with the condition" (para. 1).
Variables: GIC-LAW-1
"The Court of Appeal has upheld legislation which allows the abortion of babies with Down's syndrome up until birth, after a challenge by a woman with the condition" (para. 1).
Nov. 21, 2023, 5:44 p.m.
Countries: Australia
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"Prime Minister Anthony Albanese confirmed on Saturday that the government would boost paid parental leave from 18 to 26 weeks in a staged plan to be rolled out by July 2026" (para. 1). "Eventually, all families with a new baby will be able to access six months of leave shared between two parents and paid at the rate of the national minimum wage" (para. 2). "Single parents will be able to access the full 26 weeks, while the leave will be made more flexible with parents able to take it in blocks between periods of paid work" (para. 3). "The ACTU noted Australia currently had one of the lowest-paid parental...more
Variables: GIC-LAW-1, GIC-LAW-3
"Prime Minister Anthony Albanese confirmed on Saturday that the government would boost paid parental leave from 18 to 26 weeks in a staged plan to be rolled out by July 2026" (para. 1). "Eventually, all families with a new baby will be able to access six months of leave shared between two parents and paid at the rate of the national minimum wage" (para. 2). "Single parents will be able to access the full 26 weeks, while the leave will be made more flexible with parents able to take it in blocks between periods of paid work" (para. 3). "The ACTU noted Australia currently had one of the lowest-paid parental...more