Latest items for ERBG-DATA-2
Feb. 6, 2025, 7:27 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The national integrated programme for the economic empowerment of women and girls 'Maroc-Attamkine', [is] aimed at increasing the employment rate for women to 30 per cent" (2). This implies that the current employment rate is below 30% (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The national integrated programme for the economic empowerment of women and girls 'Maroc-Attamkine', [is] aimed at increasing the employment rate for women to 30 per cent" (2). This implies that the current employment rate is below 30% (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 6, 2025, 7:05 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
In Table 6, titled "Percentage of women’s access to public administration" the percentages of women in positions of responsibility and senior positions are recorded for the years from 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. In total, the percentage of women increases each year, from 38.6% in 2012 to 39.8% in 2018. For positions of responsibility, where women are the head of department or authority, the percentages increase each year, from 16.21% in 2012 to 23.27% in 2018. For senior positions, where women are General Secretary, General Director, or Director, the percentages increase each year as well, going from 10.36%5 in 2012 to 16.59% in 2018 (19). Table 8, titled "Number...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
In Table 6, titled "Percentage of women’s access to public administration" the percentages of women in positions of responsibility and senior positions are recorded for the years from 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. In total, the percentage of women increases each year, from 38.6% in 2012 to 39.8% in 2018. For positions of responsibility, where women are the head of department or authority, the percentages increase each year, from 16.21% in 2012 to 23.27% in 2018. For senior positions, where women are General Secretary, General Director, or Director, the percentages increase each year as well, going from 10.36%5 in 2012 to 16.59% in 2018 (19). Table 8, titled "Number...more
Feb. 6, 2025, 3:58 p.m.
Countries: Sri Lanka
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[The government] hopes to raise the rate of female participation in the formal work force to about 50 percent, up from 33 percent" (para 14).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[The government] hopes to raise the rate of female participation in the formal work force to about 50 percent, up from 33 percent" (para 14).
Feb. 3, 2025, 5:52 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he female labor force participation rate was initially lower than that of the U.S. but started to rise sharply around 2013, surpassing the U.S. rate in the mid-2010s and continuing to grow. By 2023, it approaches 80%" (Para 11). "The United States once had higher female labor force participation for working-age women than other advanced economies, but it has now been surpassed by many, including Japan as of 2015" (Para 19). "These days, about 77 percent of prime-age women in the United States have a job or are looking for one. That number is about 83 percent for Japanese women, up from about 74 percent a decade ago and about...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he female labor force participation rate was initially lower than that of the U.S. but started to rise sharply around 2013, surpassing the U.S. rate in the mid-2010s and continuing to grow. By 2023, it approaches 80%" (Para 11). "The United States once had higher female labor force participation for working-age women than other advanced economies, but it has now been surpassed by many, including Japan as of 2015" (Para 19). "These days, about 77 percent of prime-age women in the United States have a job or are looking for one. That number is about 83 percent for Japanese women, up from about 74 percent a decade ago and about...more
Feb. 3, 2025, 5:50 p.m.
Countries: United States
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he female labor force participation rate was initially lower than that of the U.S. but started to rise sharply around 2013, surpassing the U.S. rate in the mid-2010s and continuing to grow. By 2023, it approaches 80%" (Para 11). "The United States once had higher female labor force participation for working-age women than other advanced economies, but it has now been surpassed by many, including Japan as of 2015" (Para 19). "These days, about 77 percent of prime-age women in the United States have a job or are looking for one. That number is about 83 percent for Japanese women, up from about 74 percent a decade ago and about...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he female labor force participation rate was initially lower than that of the U.S. but started to rise sharply around 2013, surpassing the U.S. rate in the mid-2010s and continuing to grow. By 2023, it approaches 80%" (Para 11). "The United States once had higher female labor force participation for working-age women than other advanced economies, but it has now been surpassed by many, including Japan as of 2015" (Para 19). "These days, about 77 percent of prime-age women in the United States have a job or are looking for one. That number is about 83 percent for Japanese women, up from about 74 percent a decade ago and about...more
Jan. 30, 2025, 7:52 p.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he Committee notes with concern: (a) The low workforce participation rate among women (42.33 per cent in 2021) due to the disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and care work placed on women… (d) The high unemployment rate among Indigenous women, rural women and women with disabilities" (12).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"[T]he Committee notes with concern: (a) The low workforce participation rate among women (42.33 per cent in 2021) due to the disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and care work placed on women… (d) The high unemployment rate among Indigenous women, rural women and women with disabilities" (12).
Jan. 28, 2025, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Costa Rica
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In Costa Rica, the national open unemployment rate for the period from the third quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2020 was higher among women than men, reaching an unemployment rate for the male population of 17.4 per cent, while that of women was 29.0 per cent in 2020" (15).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In Costa Rica, the national open unemployment rate for the period from the third quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2020 was higher among women than men, reaching an unemployment rate for the male population of 17.4 per cent, while that of women was 29.0 per cent in 2020" (15).
Jan. 24, 2025, 7:43 p.m.
Countries: Chile
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"As indicated by the National Socio-economic Characterisation Survey (CASEN) , since the 1990s women's participation in labour has increased, but it is still lower than men's: in 2017, women in work were 48.8% and men 71.6%. 19.4% of women do not enter employment because they perform domestic work and care for children, the elderly or other family members, while men perform only 0.6% of these tasks, and this situation is even more pronounced for women with less economic autonomy" (2). "In the labour sector, the percentage of active women is 37.2% and 53.1% of men" (5). Given the context of this quote, it is unclear from the document if this...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"As indicated by the National Socio-economic Characterisation Survey (CASEN) , since the 1990s women's participation in labour has increased, but it is still lower than men's: in 2017, women in work were 48.8% and men 71.6%. 19.4% of women do not enter employment because they perform domestic work and care for children, the elderly or other family members, while men perform only 0.6% of these tasks, and this situation is even more pronounced for women with less economic autonomy" (2). "In the labour sector, the percentage of active women is 37.2% and 53.1% of men" (5). Given the context of this quote, it is unclear from the document if this...more
Jan. 24, 2025, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-2
"Alongside this, women are educated and employed at levels never seen before. In Japan the employment rate for women aged 25-39 surpassed 80% for the first time in 2022. In South Korea 74% of women aged 25-29 are now employed. In Japan and Taiwan more than 60% of households have two incomes. In South Korea the share is close to half" (para 3).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-2
"Alongside this, women are educated and employed at levels never seen before. In Japan the employment rate for women aged 25-39 surpassed 80% for the first time in 2022. In South Korea 74% of women aged 25-29 are now employed. In Japan and Taiwan more than 60% of households have two incomes. In South Korea the share is close to half" (para 3).
Jan. 17, 2025, 11:50 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Cambodian women have a labor force participation rate of 79.7%, the highest in the region. Approximately 700,000 garment and footwear workers, over 85% of whom are women, are currently employed by more than 600 mostly foreign-owned factories" (2). "Women are estimated to account for up to 30% of the total workforce[in the construction sector]. However, employment in this sector is often informal and precarious, and accounts for about 11% of all informal employment in Cambodia" (2).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Cambodian women have a labor force participation rate of 79.7%, the highest in the region. Approximately 700,000 garment and footwear workers, over 85% of whom are women, are currently employed by more than 600 mostly foreign-owned factories" (2). "Women are estimated to account for up to 30% of the total workforce[in the construction sector]. However, employment in this sector is often informal and precarious, and accounts for about 11% of all informal employment in Cambodia" (2).
Jan. 10, 2025, 6:20 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In the state where she lives, about 20 percent of residents experience moderate poverty and women make up only 39 percent of the workforce" (para 8).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In the state where she lives, about 20 percent of residents experience moderate poverty and women make up only 39 percent of the workforce" (para 8).
Jan. 10, 2025, 10:13 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-3, ERBG-DATA-2
"In Southeast Asia, Brunei has the highest proportion of women in middle management and senior managerial roles in the private sector (37%)" (para 12).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-3, ERBG-DATA-2
"In Southeast Asia, Brunei has the highest proportion of women in middle management and senior managerial roles in the private sector (37%)" (para 12).
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
Table 15, titled "Number of unemployed actively seeking employment," shows the number of unemployed women in community paid employment, occupational training, and microcredit. For the commuity paid employment categgory, the number of unemployed women rose from 7,089 in 2012 to 8,894 in 2014 and then decreased to 6,801 in 2017. The total number of unemployed people in this category rose from 19,861 in 2012 to 25,235 in 2015 and then fell to 19,704 in 2017. For occupational training, there were 3,726 unemployed women actively seeking employment in 2012, and this rose to its peak of 4,920 in 2015 before falling to 4,257 in 2016 and ending at 4,449 in 2017....more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
Table 15, titled "Number of unemployed actively seeking employment," shows the number of unemployed women in community paid employment, occupational training, and microcredit. For the commuity paid employment categgory, the number of unemployed women rose from 7,089 in 2012 to 8,894 in 2014 and then decreased to 6,801 in 2017. The total number of unemployed people in this category rose from 19,861 in 2012 to 25,235 in 2015 and then fell to 19,704 in 2017. For occupational training, there were 3,726 unemployed women actively seeking employment in 2012, and this rose to its peak of 4,920 in 2015 before falling to 4,257 in 2016 and ending at 4,449 in 2017....more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Female representation in higher education is rising, yet female labor-force participation, as of 2021, sits at a paltry twenty-three per cent, declining from twenty-eight per cent in 1990. A 2015 study published in The World Bank Economic Review showed that women were less likely to work when their husbands were educated and had high incomes" (para 36).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Female representation in higher education is rising, yet female labor-force participation, as of 2021, sits at a paltry twenty-three per cent, declining from twenty-eight per cent in 1990. A 2015 study published in The World Bank Economic Review showed that women were less likely to work when their husbands were educated and had high incomes" (para 36).
Jan. 8, 2025, 3:34 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In the first eight months of 2022, 47,920 women applied to labour and employment agencies, of whom 34,845 were registered as job seekers and 20,097 had official status as unemployed. During this period, 23,808 unemployed women, which is 49.1 per cent of the total number of unemployed (49,468), were provided with permanent jobs with the help of labour and employment agencies" (p. 31). "In the first eight months of the current year, 4,706 citizens in need of special social protection were provided with jobs under quotas, representing 58.8 per cent of the programme’s annual plan and 13.6 per cent more than in the same period of last year. Of those...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"In the first eight months of 2022, 47,920 women applied to labour and employment agencies, of whom 34,845 were registered as job seekers and 20,097 had official status as unemployed. During this period, 23,808 unemployed women, which is 49.1 per cent of the total number of unemployed (49,468), were provided with permanent jobs with the help of labour and employment agencies" (p. 31). "In the first eight months of the current year, 4,706 citizens in need of special social protection were provided with jobs under quotas, representing 58.8 per cent of the programme’s annual plan and 13.6 per cent more than in the same period of last year. Of those...more
Jan. 4, 2025, 11:59 a.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)more
Dec. 30, 2024, 11:27 a.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-2
"And the unemployment rate for women remains far higher than that for men" (par. 24).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-DATA-2
"And the unemployment rate for women remains far higher than that for men" (par. 24).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:39 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"But India still has a low labor force participation rate among women compared to other countries, a figure that had been on a long downward slide until the past few years. Women make up less than a third of India’s urban labor force, and men vastly outnumber women in both government and private-sector jobs" (para 16).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"But India still has a low labor force participation rate among women compared to other countries, a figure that had been on a long downward slide until the past few years. Women make up less than a third of India’s urban labor force, and men vastly outnumber women in both government and private-sector jobs" (para 16).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:28 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ERBG-DATA-1, ERBG-DATA-2
"The country is home to the lowest female employment rate in the European Union and a steep gender pay gap" (para 8).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-1, ERBG-DATA-2
"The country is home to the lowest female employment rate in the European Union and a steep gender pay gap" (para 8).
Dec. 6, 2024, 8:43 p.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"More than 40% of Italian women aged 30 to 69 do not work, according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), mostly because they are unable to juggle a job and taking care of their family" (para 33).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"More than 40% of Italian women aged 30 to 69 do not work, according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), mostly because they are unable to juggle a job and taking care of their family" (para 33).
Dec. 6, 2024, 8:40 p.m.
Countries: Nigeria
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Despite a population approaching 225 million, only about 60.5 million people are active participants in Nigeria’s labour force and, according to the World Bank, female labour force participation in the country has fallen markedly since the early 1990s. The World Bank reported that the labour force engagement rate for women in 2022 was 52%, while for men it stood at 65%" (para 9).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Despite a population approaching 225 million, only about 60.5 million people are active participants in Nigeria’s labour force and, according to the World Bank, female labour force participation in the country has fallen markedly since the early 1990s. The World Bank reported that the labour force engagement rate for women in 2022 was 52%, while for men it stood at 65%" (para 9).
Dec. 6, 2024, 8:24 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"While female literacy is growing, only 25% of women in India participate in the workforce" (para 16).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"While female literacy is growing, only 25% of women in India participate in the workforce" (para 16).
Dec. 6, 2024, 9:44 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Usually, when women work, it's a boon to any economy. Most countries develop faster with women in their workforces. That's true for India too. Throughout the 1990s and particularly in the early 2000s – decades of robust GDP growth – female labor participation grew, albeit from very low levels. The problem is, they're still very low. According to the latest World Bank figures, from 2021, fewer than 1 in 5 Indian women work – at least formally. (Though most work in India is informal – agricultural or domestic work – which often doesn't get counted.) That's lower than Pakistan's female labor rate and roughly in line with Afghanistan's, before the...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Usually, when women work, it's a boon to any economy. Most countries develop faster with women in their workforces. That's true for India too. Throughout the 1990s and particularly in the early 2000s – decades of robust GDP growth – female labor participation grew, albeit from very low levels. The problem is, they're still very low. According to the latest World Bank figures, from 2021, fewer than 1 in 5 Indian women work – at least formally. (Though most work in India is informal – agricultural or domestic work – which often doesn't get counted.) That's lower than Pakistan's female labor rate and roughly in line with Afghanistan's, before the...more
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The Committee welcomes that 76 per cent of women in the 20–66 age group are in formal employment in the State party, which is among the highest participation rates in the world. It also notes with appreciation that according to 2019 data, in companies where the State party had an ownership share, the average number of women Chief Executive Officers at the executive level and on boards was at 41 per cent and above 46 per cent, respectively...The Committee is concerned, however, that...according to the 2022 Norwegian Gender Balance Scorecard from the Centre for Research on Gender Equality, women only make up 27 per cent of executives and 32 per...more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The Committee welcomes that 76 per cent of women in the 20–66 age group are in formal employment in the State party, which is among the highest participation rates in the world. It also notes with appreciation that according to 2019 data, in companies where the State party had an ownership share, the average number of women Chief Executive Officers at the executive level and on boards was at 41 per cent and above 46 per cent, respectively...The Committee is concerned, however, that...according to the 2022 Norwegian Gender Balance Scorecard from the Centre for Research on Gender Equality, women only make up 27 per cent of executives and 32 per...more
Dec. 4, 2024, 4:45 p.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The military call-up comes on top of an economic crisis that has sent the currency spiralling lower, seen poverty rates soaring to 2015 levels, and caused unemployment to surge. The World Bank says women have been particularly hard hit by the economic downturn that followed the Covid pandemic and the coup. Unemployment among women rose to 11% by the end of 2023 from 3% in 2017" (par. 30-31).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"The military call-up comes on top of an economic crisis that has sent the currency spiralling lower, seen poverty rates soaring to 2015 levels, and caused unemployment to surge. The World Bank says women have been particularly hard hit by the economic downturn that followed the Covid pandemic and the coup. Unemployment among women rose to 11% by the end of 2023 from 3% in 2017" (par. 30-31).
Nov. 29, 2024, 3:11 p.m.
Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)more
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)more
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:40 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Previously [before the Taliban takeover] about 10% of educated women in Afghanistan worked in national or international organisations to support their children (para 6).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Previously [before the Taliban takeover] about 10% of educated women in Afghanistan worked in national or international organisations to support their children (para 6).
Nov. 12, 2024, 6:08 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Women lead just 0.8% of the 1,643 firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s top-tier prime market, according to a survey by the Kyodo news agency, which based its findings on fiscal 2023 financial statements” (para 2). The low numbers underline the uphill struggle Japan’s government faces in reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive roles by the end of the decade” (para 3). “According to a 2022 OECD survey, women held just 15.5% of executive positions in Japan, compared with 40.9% in Britain and 45.2% in France. Only China and South Korea had a smaller proportion of female executives” (para 7)
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Poverty levels in Belize have remained consistently high. Belize’s most comprehensive poverty assessment, The National Poverty Study (2009) indicated that between 2009 and 2018, the gender inequality gap widened by 28.9 per cent...The poverty study also noted high female unemployment" (4). "Unemployment and underemployment data for women in 2021 are at 15.58 per cent and 21.1 per cent respectively. Consistently, unemployment levels for women fall below that for women who tend to experience unemployment at levels three times higher than men" (5).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
"Poverty levels in Belize have remained consistently high. Belize’s most comprehensive poverty assessment, The National Poverty Study (2009) indicated that between 2009 and 2018, the gender inequality gap widened by 28.9 per cent...The poverty study also noted high female unemployment" (4). "Unemployment and underemployment data for women in 2021 are at 15.58 per cent and 21.1 per cent respectively. Consistently, unemployment levels for women fall below that for women who tend to experience unemployment at levels three times higher than men" (5).
July 18, 2024, 6:38 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the 2017–2019 national employment and income survey, for women the overall rate of labour force participation declined by 1 per cent, the rate of employment in the informal sector declined by 5.4 per cent, the unemployment rate declined by 0.6 per cent, the underemployment rate declined by 5.2 per cent, and wages increased by 381 quetzales...In 2017, women represented 28.8 per cent of employers in the non-agricultural sector and 11.8 per cent of employers in the agricultural sector; in 2019, those figures were 30.1 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively" (22).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2, ERBG-DATA-5
"According to the 2017–2019 national employment and income survey, for women the overall rate of labour force participation declined by 1 per cent, the rate of employment in the informal sector declined by 5.4 per cent, the unemployment rate declined by 0.6 per cent, the underemployment rate declined by 5.2 per cent, and wages increased by 381 quetzales...In 2017, women represented 28.8 per cent of employers in the non-agricultural sector and 11.8 per cent of employers in the agricultural sector; in 2019, those figures were 30.1 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively" (22).