Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad/Tobago, Uruguay
Variables: ATC-DATA-6, EWCMS-PRACTICE-2, EWCMS-LAW-1, EWCMS-LAW-2, EWCMS-LAW-4, EMCMS-LAW-1

Table 7 titled “Policy and Practice,” lists the countries in the survey and information on accommodations made for women in the military. All military positions are open to women in Argentina, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad, and Uruguay. All military positions are not open to women in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay. There are recruitment targets in Argentina for the military and it is unknown whether it is the same for the police. Brazil does not have recruitment targets since there are some caps in the military and local caps in the police. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Peru all have no recruitment target...more

Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2, EMCMS-LAW-1, EMCMS-LAW-2

"When the State of Israel was first founded and the draft law was passed, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion agreed to exempt certain groups from military service. The law exempts pregnant and married women as well as unmarried women who practice a religious way of life from mandatory service. This position became the official stance of the Chief Rabbinate. It is also the official position of the national-religious public school system" (para 4).

Countries: Pakistan
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"While regulations prohibit discrimination in employment and occupation regarding race, sex, gender, disability, language, sexual orientation and/or gender identity, HIV-positive status or other communicable diseases, or social status, the government did not effectively enforce those laws and regulations. Discrimination with respect to employment and occupation based on these factors persisted. The nature of penalties for violations was insufficient to deter violations" (Pg 59).

Countries: Germany
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"In May last year, the so-called 'Law on Equal Participation of Women and Men in Leadership Positions in the Private and Public Sector' came into effect. It was meant to ensure that at least 30 percent of all supervisory board positions in Germany's largest companies are held by women. Since Jan. 1 of this year, these firms must fill vacant board positions with women until that 30 percent threshold is reached. Furthermore, around 3,500 other public companies are also required to present a strategy for getting more women into top jobs" (para 5).

Countries: Bahamas
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

“The law prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, creed, sex, marital status, political opinion, age, HIV status, or disability, but not in regard to language, sexual orientation and/or gender identity, or social status. The government did not effectively enforce the law.” (20).

Countries: Kazakhstan
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2, EWCMS-DATA-1, EMCMS-LAW-1

"Women as well as men perform military service on a voluntary enlistment basis. In 2010, women officers amounted to 4.2 per cent, and women non-commissioned officers and rank-and-file soldiers to 30 per cent, of total enlisted military personnel" (35)

Countries: Eritrea
Variables: EWCMS-PRACTICE-3, EWCMS-LAW-1, EWCMS-LAW-2, EWCMS-LAW-3, EWCMS-LAW-5, EWCMS-DATA-1, EWCMS-DATA-2, EWCMS-DATA-3, EMCMS-LAW-1

"Eritrea conscripts all men and unmarried women into 'national service.' Although Eritrean law limits national service to 18 months, most conscripts serve for much of their working lives. Conscripts are routinely used as forced labor on essentially civilian jobs. In 2013, Human Rights Watch reported that conscripts were used by a state-owned construction company, Segen Construction Co., engaged by Canadian mining firm Nevsun Resources, to build infrastructure at its Bisha gold mine. Former conscripts described working long hours for minimal food rations, primitive lodging, and wages too low to sustain themselves, much less their families. They were not allowed to leave the work site. Children as young as 15 are...more

Countries: Iran
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"Last week, we mentioned the growing role of the PKK, the Kurdish Workers' Party, in the fighting. Despite being designated a terrorist group by the United States for waging a decades-long battle against Turkey, the group has become a formidable opponent in the battle against ISIS. Helping to lead the way have been female guerrillas who enlisted in the battle to fighting alongside the Kurdish Peshmerga" (para. 5).

Countries: Turkey
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"Last week, we mentioned the growing role of the PKK, the Kurdish Workers' Party, in the fighting. Despite being designated a terrorist group by the United States for waging a decades-long battle against Turkey, the group has become a formidable opponent in the battle against ISIS. Helping to lead the way have been female guerrillas who enlisted in the battle to fighting alongside the Kurdish Peshmerga" (para. 5).

Countries: Brunei
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"The growth outlook for Brunei businesswomen is very encouraging, with the government and the influential Women’s Business Council vigorously working for their advancement. Women are not barred from any profession, except combat roles in the armed forces" (4).

Countries: Argentina, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Vietnam
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1, EMCMS-LAW-2

"Argentina, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa and Viet Nam took steps to recruit more women for military service and changed policies to improve their access to service, including by repealing discriminatory policies, offering equal opportunities and equal treatment for women, promulgating policies known as "fast tracking" to increase women’s representation in the higher echelons of the armed forces and creating other opportunities for women’s professional advancement" (9-10).

Countries: Sudan
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"While some interviewed WAAFG [women associated with armed forces and groups] voluntarily supported the SPLA and OAGs and travelled with them to the battle lines, others were forced—sometimes through abduction—to be porters or cooks. Forced recruitment during the conflict is well documented. In focus groups, southern women said they accepted that when armed groups passed their villages, each family would do what it could to support them, including by providing food, child recruits, and porters to carry goods to the front line. Village chiefs were often the ones to organize the handovers."(3). "During the conflict, WAAFG [women associated with armed forces and groups] organized themselves into complex work structures based...more

Countries: Spain
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"As stipulated in the preamble to the Armed Forces Personnel (Regulations) Act, Act No. 17/1999, compulsory military service is being abolished and a new system introduced in which all military personnel will be professional members of the armed forces. Article 1, paragraph 1, of the same Act sets out its aim and scope, stipulating: "The aim of the present Act is to establish regulations for professional military personnel, to determine the command staff and maximum troop levels and to set out the military training system and the procedures for enrolment. It also aims to regulate the enlistment of additional personnel to the Armed Forces when required by the exigencies of...more

Countries: Iceland
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

There is no military service in Iceland (20).

Countries: Iceland
Variables: EMCMS-LAW-1

"'With regard to Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Republic of Iceland declares that it has no national armed forces, and hence, a minimum age for recruitment is not applicable in the case of the Republic of Iceland' (2)..Armed groups do not exist in Iceland (2)...Iceland has called for the minimum age for participation in armed conflict to be 18 years. A resolution to this effect was passed by a Nordic ministerial meeting held in Iceland in 1999 (4)."