Countries: Bolivia
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Nevertheless, the Committee notes with concern… Social and cultural stigma, which deter women and girls from registering their complaints, particularly with regard to gender-based violence, and limited access to information on the mechanisms and procedures for seeking remedies for violations of their rights, especially in rural areas" (5). "However, the Committee notes with concern… (d) Women’s and girls’ limited access to available and affordable modern contraceptives, in particular in rural areas, and the barriers that adolescent girls face in accessing information on sexual and reproductive health and rights... (f) The insufficient coverage of the Intercultural Family and Community Health Policy, barriers to accessing affordable health services in rural areas faced...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"NHS [National Health Scheme] is considered to have not reached the Universal Health Coverage. This means that there are still people who are extremely poor not covered by the state on PBI [Premium Assistance Beneficiaries] scheme. Mostly informal workers with low incomes (20%-30% of minimun wage), irreguler wages and insecure, disabled persons, indigenous, rural urban with remote workplace, seasonal workers, domestic worker, homeworkers, migrant worker, agricultural workers, fishers were not covered or excluded from the social protection both in health and employement" (13). "According to National socio-economic survey from 2011 to 2015, the literacy rate of rural Women aged 15 and over is still lower (90.32%) than that of rural...more

Countries: El Salvador
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"The illiteracy rate among women stood at 11.7 per cent nationally and at 17.4 per cent in rural areas. In 2019, the school enrolment rate of the population aged 4 years and over was 26.1 per cent nationwide, meaning that 1,645,073 persons were enrolled in school at the time. The enrolment rate among women was 24.4 per cent both nationally and in rural areas. In 2019, the average level of schooling at the national level was 7.1 grades. There were differences between geographical areas: in urban areas, the average stood at 8.2 grades, while in rural areas it stood at 5.3. The national average level of schooling was 7.0 years...more

Countries: Peru
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"It notes with concern the inadequate progress made in addressing the disproportionate levels of violence experienced by disadvantaged and marginalized groups of women and girls in all areas of their lives and who are also facing historical and intersecting forms of discrimination, namely... rural women" (4). "It notes with concern… That young women are unable to access the courts or to personally report cases of gender-based violence against women without an adult present, and that... rural women... are often harassed and denied services when seeking to access justice" (5). "It notes with concern, however, the persistent institutional, structural and practical barriers to women’s access to justice, including the following... Financial,...more

Countries: Guyana
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Yesim Oruc, the U.N.’s resident country coordinator, said government agencies and nonprofits have increased training of teachers and law officials in Guyana about child-protective measures in recent years. But enforcement in remote communities remains difficult, she said. Spotty phone service in rural mining areas, for example, has limited the efficacy of hotlines that the government formed for victims to report sex trafficking and exploitation, according to the U.S. State Department" (para 19).

Countries: Mauritania
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"[W]omen and girls, particularly in rural areas, lack access to adequate health care services, especially with respect to prenatal and postnatal care and family planning" (4). "[T]ransition to lower secondary school remains a challenge, especially for girls. Secondary schools are typically located in district towns, not in villages. While parents are likely to feel comfortable sending their adolescent sons to stay with a friend or relative who lives near the school, they are far less likely to agree to similar arrangements for their daughters" (5).

Countries: Iraq
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"In the Kurdistan region, forced marriage, bride exchanges, marriage of minors, and marriages in exchange for blood money are illegal. However, these violations continue to take place in large numbers outside the formal judiciary system, particularly in rural areas" (9).

Countries: Namibia
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"[W]omen living in rural areas cannot access the protection orders against violent partners provided for in the Combating of Domestic Violence Act, because the protection orders are issued by magistrate courts which are only in towns" (6). "Women who are living in rural areas have problems accessing protection orders because there are no magistrate courts in our villages" (9).

Countries: Ecuador
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"With regard to rural women, 36 per cent have access to land compared to 43 per cent of men, which results in a gap of 4.3 per cent in land ownership" (3). "A process was launched in 2018 to raise awareness of political participation and gender equality among rural women from indigenous communities in four provinces of the country" (23). "There are 6,795 mainstream and 10 special rural educational institutions in Ecuador. As of 2019, a total of 513,648 girls and adolescent girls were reported to be enrolled in rural educational establishments" (26). "The level of education plays a greater role in labour market entry for women. In 2015, 26.4...more

Countries: Niger
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Customary law, often in conflict with statutory law, particularly in rural areas, regards women as secondary citizens who cannot make decisions and cannot have opinions or visions different from that of the head of the family (father, husband, brother)" (1). "However, the rates of infant and maternal mortality remain high because the increase in services is not proportionate to the high population demography and some villages are still far removed from health centres" (2). "Even today, parents still believe that it is better to give away their daughters in marriage before the age of 18 rather than risk keeping them in a school system with no future or keeping them...more

Countries: Dominican Republic
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Research carried out, as part of the project, on masculinities and their impact on child marriage and early unions showed that 60 per cent of men in rural areas and 48.5 per cent of men in urban areas were in a union with an underage partner" (14). "Male students and students living in rural areas have the highest school dropout rates. According to information provided by the Dominican Institute for Educational Quality Evaluation and Research in 2016, the main risk factors associated with the problem are socioeconomic. For the 2017/18 school year, in urban areas the dropout rate was 2.46 per cent among girls and female adolescents, and 3.33 per...more

Countries: Pakistan
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Pakistan (and many other countries around the globe) have tried to address these problems with women's police stations staffed by women. In July, Saleem established a new kind of facility in Gujranwala: a Women's Enclave. Decorated with pink and purple couches, it provides a safe space for women to file complaints informally before contacting a police station and assits victims with counseling and getting a lawyer. But Saleem grew concerned that the Women's Enclave was not serving women in rural areas and unable to leave their homes. That's why the Pink Wheels entered the picture" (par. 4-6).

Countries: Morocco
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"When Human Rights Watch documented conditions for child domestic workers in 2005 and 2012, child workers as young as 8 – known locally as 'petites bonnes' – said that their employers frequently beat and verbally abused them, would not let them go to school, and sometimes refused them adequate food. Some said they worked for 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for as little as 100 Moroccan dirhams (US$11) per month. Most child domestic workers in Morocco come from poor rural areas. Intermediaries frequently recruit them to work in cities, often making deceptive promises about their working conditions" (2-3).

Countries: Mauritania
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"Women and girls from rural communities and those who haven’t completed secondary schooling are more likely to have experienced FGM than those from urban areas and those who have completed their education" (3). "The transition from primary to lower secondary school has been reported by rights groups as particularly challenging for girls in rural areas. If families can only afford to send some children to school further away, there is a higher chance that boys will be prioritized over girls for safety or cultural reasons" (6).

Countries: Uganda
Variables: CWC-DATA-2

"The probability of completing primary school is higher in urban than rural areas and increases with the relative wealth of the student’s household" (4).