Latest items for CONST-LAW-1
March 19, 2025, 10:12 p.m.
Countries: Iraq
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Iraq’s 2005 Constitution guarantees the principle of equality before the law and the enjoyment of human rights to all Iraqi citizens without discrimination, (Articles 14 and 15), including specific provisions that protect women from violence (Article 29-(4))" (2).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Iraq’s 2005 Constitution guarantees the principle of equality before the law and the enjoyment of human rights to all Iraqi citizens without discrimination, (Articles 14 and 15), including specific provisions that protect women from violence (Article 29-(4))" (2).
March 15, 2025, 11:45 a.m.
Countries: Lebanon
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"There is no legislation defining and prohibiting all forms of discrimination against women, including direct and indirect discrimination by State and non-State actors, in the public and private spheres, as well as intersecting forms of discrimination. The Committee also notes the absence of a clear time frame for the review of discriminatory laws and that sex is not included as a prohibited ground of discrimination in articles 9 and 10 of the Constitution" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"There is no legislation defining and prohibiting all forms of discrimination against women, including direct and indirect discrimination by State and non-State actors, in the public and private spheres, as well as intersecting forms of discrimination. The Committee also notes the absence of a clear time frame for the review of discriminatory laws and that sex is not included as a prohibited ground of discrimination in articles 9 and 10 of the Constitution" (4).
March 13, 2025, 10:21 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution of Namibia states that nobody must be discriminated against on the basis of being a woman or a man, or on the basis of being from a specific tribe or ethnic group, or on the basis of being poor or rich, or on the basis of where a person lives in Namibia" (6).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution of Namibia states that nobody must be discriminated against on the basis of being a woman or a man, or on the basis of being from a specific tribe or ethnic group, or on the basis of being poor or rich, or on the basis of where a person lives in Namibia" (6).
March 3, 2025, 9:03 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[I]t notes with concern the absence from the State party’s legislation of a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women... The Committee is concerned about the different treatment and protection of the law of women according to their sexual orientation, gender identity and their ethnic or religious affiliation." (Page 4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[I]t notes with concern the absence from the State party’s legislation of a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women... The Committee is concerned about the different treatment and protection of the law of women according to their sexual orientation, gender identity and their ethnic or religious affiliation." (Page 4).
Feb. 26, 2025, 8:27 p.m.
Countries: Dominican Republic
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The main results of the implementation of the second national gender equality and equity plan (2007–2017) were as follows… Explicit inclusion of the principle of gender equality in article 39 of the 2010 Dominican Constitution" (8). "[T]he position of the Government of the Dominican Republic is that discrimination is neither practised nor tolerated as a State policy, a position that is reaffirmed in article 39 of the Constitution, which states that all persons are equal before the law and should be free from any form of discrimination" (22).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The main results of the implementation of the second national gender equality and equity plan (2007–2017) were as follows… Explicit inclusion of the principle of gender equality in article 39 of the 2010 Dominican Constitution" (8). "[T]he position of the Government of the Dominican Republic is that discrimination is neither practised nor tolerated as a State policy, a position that is reaffirmed in article 39 of the Constitution, which states that all persons are equal before the law and should be free from any form of discrimination" (22).
Feb. 20, 2025, 3:43 p.m.
Countries: United Arab Emirates
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Based on our review, Article 25 the United Arab Emirates’ constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, nationality, religion, and social position. However, the constitution does not explicitly guarantee equality and non-discrimination to women or to persons based on sex or gender" (3, 5). "Article 25 All persons shall be equal before the law. No discrimination shall be practiced between citizens of the Union by reason of race, nationality, religious belief or social position" (5).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Based on our review, Article 25 the United Arab Emirates’ constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, nationality, religion, and social position. However, the constitution does not explicitly guarantee equality and non-discrimination to women or to persons based on sex or gender" (3, 5). "Article 25 All persons shall be equal before the law. No discrimination shall be practiced between citizens of the Union by reason of race, nationality, religious belief or social position" (5).
Feb. 6, 2025, 7:27 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee takes note with appreciation of the State party’s indication that the principle of equality between women and men has been integrated into its 2011 Constitution and that the Penal Code defines discrimination in conformity with article 1 of the Convention. It expresses concern, however, that contradictions between certain legislative provisions, particularly in the Penal Code and the Family Code, and the 2011 Constitution remain an obstacle to ensuring the practical realization of the principle of equality between men and women" (5).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee takes note with appreciation of the State party’s indication that the principle of equality between women and men has been integrated into its 2011 Constitution and that the Penal Code defines discrimination in conformity with article 1 of the Convention. It expresses concern, however, that contradictions between certain legislative provisions, particularly in the Penal Code and the Family Code, and the 2011 Constitution remain an obstacle to ensuring the practical realization of the principle of equality between men and women" (5).
Feb. 6, 2025, 7:05 p.m.
Countries: Morocco
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"It should be noted that the the ongoing advance of human rights by the Kingdom of Morocco was furthered with the adoption of the 2011 Constitution, which affirms the prohibition and combating of all forms of discrimination on the basis of sex, colour, creed, culture, social or regional affiliation, language, disability or any other personal condition,3 and the equal enjoyment by men and women of the civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental rights provided for in the Constitution, as well as in international conventions and instruments ratified by Morocco in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the foundational principles and laws of the Kingdom" (2, 3). "The...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"It should be noted that the the ongoing advance of human rights by the Kingdom of Morocco was furthered with the adoption of the 2011 Constitution, which affirms the prohibition and combating of all forms of discrimination on the basis of sex, colour, creed, culture, social or regional affiliation, language, disability or any other personal condition,3 and the equal enjoyment by men and women of the civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental rights provided for in the Constitution, as well as in international conventions and instruments ratified by Morocco in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the foundational principles and laws of the Kingdom" (2, 3). "The...more
Jan. 30, 2025, 7:52 p.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that the principles of equality and non-discrimination are enshrined in the Constitution" (3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that the principles of equality and non-discrimination are enshrined in the Constitution" (3).
Jan. 23, 2025, 4:51 p.m.
Countries: Gabon
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Based on our review of full-text national constitutions as of May 2017, Gabon’s constitution guarantees equality before the law without distinction of sex" (4). "Gabon’s constitution guarantees equality before the law without distinction of sex. These guarantees are specified in Article 2 of Gabon’s Constitution: […] La République gabonaise assure l’égalité de tous les citoyens devant la loi, sans distinction d’origine, de race, de sexe, d’opinion ou de religion" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Based on our review of full-text national constitutions as of May 2017, Gabon’s constitution guarantees equality before the law without distinction of sex" (4). "Gabon’s constitution guarantees equality before the law without distinction of sex. These guarantees are specified in Article 2 of Gabon’s Constitution: […] La République gabonaise assure l’égalité de tous les citoyens devant la loi, sans distinction d’origine, de race, de sexe, d’opinion ou de religion" (4).
Jan. 17, 2025, 11:50 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"According to Article 45 of the Cambodian Constitution, men and women have equal rights in all fields, especially in marriage and family" (8). "Article 46 of the Cambodian Constitution guarantees women have the right to take maternity leave with full pay without loss of seniority or social benefits. However, there is a dissonance between the constitutional principle and the labor legislation, which entitles workers to 90 days leave with 50% of their wages. There are also several Arbitration Council awards that have interpreted 90 days to mean 90 calendar days, and not 90 working days. In terms of the Law on Social Security, a female worker is entitled to 70%...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"According to Article 45 of the Cambodian Constitution, men and women have equal rights in all fields, especially in marriage and family" (8). "Article 46 of the Cambodian Constitution guarantees women have the right to take maternity leave with full pay without loss of seniority or social benefits. However, there is a dissonance between the constitutional principle and the labor legislation, which entitles workers to 90 days leave with 50% of their wages. There are also several Arbitration Council awards that have interpreted 90 days to mean 90 calendar days, and not 90 working days. In terms of the Law on Social Security, a female worker is entitled to 70%...more
Jan. 16, 2025, 10:50 a.m.
Countries: Honduras
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In relation to the recommendation contained in paragraph 11, regarding the adoption of a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women in legislation, in line with the Convention, the year 2020 saw the entry into force of the new Criminal Code, criminalizing discrimination on grounds of ideology; religion; beliefs; language; ethnicity or race; national, indigenous or African descent; sex; sexual orientation or gender identity; gender; marital status; family or economic situation; age; and illness or disability, and establishing penalties and fines for public officials and individuals or legal persons who commit this offence in the course of their business activities. It also imposes prison terms of from 1 to 2 years...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In relation to the recommendation contained in paragraph 11, regarding the adoption of a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women in legislation, in line with the Convention, the year 2020 saw the entry into force of the new Criminal Code, criminalizing discrimination on grounds of ideology; religion; beliefs; language; ethnicity or race; national, indigenous or African descent; sex; sexual orientation or gender identity; gender; marital status; family or economic situation; age; and illness or disability, and establishing penalties and fines for public officials and individuals or legal persons who commit this offence in the course of their business activities. It also imposes prison terms of from 1 to 2 years...more
Jan. 10, 2025, 2:45 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"When the organizing strength of home-based workers was built through these cooperatives, they reached out and consulted with allies to decide the next steps to strengthen their legal position. It was at this point, in discussions with the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF), that the idea of forming a trade union took root. Relying on the constitutional right guaranteed under Article 17 that allows anyone to form an association or union, they applied to become a union. Three different unions were formed in 2009, two in Quetta and one in Hyderabad" (par. 9).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"When the organizing strength of home-based workers was built through these cooperatives, they reached out and consulted with allies to decide the next steps to strengthen their legal position. It was at this point, in discussions with the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF), that the idea of forming a trade union took root. Relying on the constitutional right guaranteed under Article 17 that allows anyone to form an association or union, they applied to become a union. Three different unions were formed in 2009, two in Quetta and one in Hyderabad" (par. 9).
Jan. 9, 2025, 4:08 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution stipulates that no one may be subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex, race, language, disability, ethnicity, religion, age, political or other beliefs, education, origin, wealth or other status, or other circumstances. Special legislative measures to ensure equal opportunities for different social groups in accordance with international obligations do not amount to discrimination" (2). "Under the Constitution, all citizens in Kyrgyzstan are equal before the law and the courts. Civil legal capacity commences for a citizen at birth and ceases upon death. Women enjoy all civil rights and duties on an equal basis with men. According to the Constitution and legislation governing the judicial system, there is...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Constitution stipulates that no one may be subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex, race, language, disability, ethnicity, religion, age, political or other beliefs, education, origin, wealth or other status, or other circumstances. Special legislative measures to ensure equal opportunities for different social groups in accordance with international obligations do not amount to discrimination" (2). "Under the Constitution, all citizens in Kyrgyzstan are equal before the law and the courts. Civil legal capacity commences for a citizen at birth and ceases upon death. Women enjoy all civil rights and duties on an equal basis with men. According to the Constitution and legislation governing the judicial system, there is...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 9:53 a.m.
Countries: Chile
Variables: DACH-LAW-1, CONST-LAW-1
"Furthermore, on 4 September, Chileans rejected a draft constitution which would have enshrined gender parity across government institutions, recognised domestic work as economic activity, and paved the way for reproductive rights to be expanded for Chilean women" (para 16).
Variables: DACH-LAW-1, CONST-LAW-1
"Furthermore, on 4 September, Chileans rejected a draft constitution which would have enshrined gender parity across government institutions, recognised domestic work as economic activity, and paved the way for reproductive rights to be expanded for Chilean women" (para 16).
Jan. 8, 2025, 3:34 p.m.
Countries: Tajikistan
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In accordance with article 17 of the Constitution of Tajikistan, men and women have equal rights" (p. 3). "The Criminal Code (article 143, part 1) provides for criminal responsibility for violating the equal rights of citizens, including on grounds of gender, which is punishable by a fine of between 200 and 500 units of calculation or by up to two years’ imprisonment" (p. 4). "The legislation of Tajikistan completely prohibits all forms of discrimination, including discrimination against women. Article 17 of the Constitution stipulates that the State guarantees the rights and freedoms of every person, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, language, faith, political beliefs, education, or social or property status"...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In accordance with article 17 of the Constitution of Tajikistan, men and women have equal rights" (p. 3). "The Criminal Code (article 143, part 1) provides for criminal responsibility for violating the equal rights of citizens, including on grounds of gender, which is punishable by a fine of between 200 and 500 units of calculation or by up to two years’ imprisonment" (p. 4). "The legislation of Tajikistan completely prohibits all forms of discrimination, including discrimination against women. Article 17 of the Constitution stipulates that the State guarantees the rights and freedoms of every person, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, language, faith, political beliefs, education, or social or property status"...more
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that, as a general rule, Norwegian legislation is gender-neutral. It reiterates its concern that gender-neutral legislation, policies and programmes might result in an inadequate protection of women against direct and indirect discrimination and hinder the achievement of substantive equality between women and men, as explained in paragraph 5 of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention" (3-4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee notes that, as a general rule, Norwegian legislation is gender-neutral. It reiterates its concern that gender-neutral legislation, policies and programmes might result in an inadequate protection of women against direct and indirect discrimination and hinder the achievement of substantive equality between women and men, as explained in paragraph 5 of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention" (3-4).
Nov. 12, 2024, 1:32 p.m.
Countries: Latvia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee recognizes the amendments to the legislative framework in the State party aimed at ensuring the equality of women and men and prohibiting gender-based discrimination, including direct and indirect discrimination on various grounds. However, it notes with concern the absence of a comprehensive stand-alone legal definition of discrimination against women and the principle of equality of women and men in the legislative framework and the absence of a comprehensive gender equality law. Reiterating its previous concluding observations (A/59/38, part two, paras. 46 and 52), the Committee recommends that the State party include a definition of discrimination against women, including intersecting forms of discrimination in both the public and private...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The Committee recognizes the amendments to the legislative framework in the State party aimed at ensuring the equality of women and men and prohibiting gender-based discrimination, including direct and indirect discrimination on various grounds. However, it notes with concern the absence of a comprehensive stand-alone legal definition of discrimination against women and the principle of equality of women and men in the legislative framework and the absence of a comprehensive gender equality law. Reiterating its previous concluding observations (A/59/38, part two, paras. 46 and 52), the Committee recommends that the State party include a definition of discrimination against women, including intersecting forms of discrimination in both the public and private...more
Oct. 16, 2024, 11:29 a.m.
Countries: Lebanon
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Although the constitution deems “all Lebanese equal before the law”, gender inequality is woven into the fabric of the nation through a combination of patriarchal values, unequal legislation and a legacy of “militarised masculinity” from past conflict, say activists, lawyers and academics" (para 9).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Although the constitution deems “all Lebanese equal before the law”, gender inequality is woven into the fabric of the nation through a combination of patriarchal values, unequal legislation and a legacy of “militarised masculinity” from past conflict, say activists, lawyers and academics" (para 9).
Oct. 9, 2024, 7:59 p.m.
Countries: Belize
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he Constitution protect[s] fundamental rights, freedoms, and human dignity such as the prohibition of discrimination based on sex, which the courts interpreted to include sexual orientation. In 2019, the Court of Appeals upheld this ruling" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]he Constitution protect[s] fundamental rights, freedoms, and human dignity such as the prohibition of discrimination based on sex, which the courts interpreted to include sexual orientation. In 2019, the Court of Appeals upheld this ruling" (4).
July 18, 2024, 6:38 p.m.
Countries: Guatemala
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"With regard to incorporating a comprehensive article into the Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala on the right to non-discrimination in line with articles 1 and 2 (b) of the Convention, between 2017 and 2020, the Constitutional Court upheld the exercise of that right by women in the Guatemalan legal system, guaranteeing non-discrimination in the workplace and the family, informed by a perspective of intersectionality and equality" (2).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"With regard to incorporating a comprehensive article into the Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala on the right to non-discrimination in line with articles 1 and 2 (b) of the Convention, between 2017 and 2020, the Constitutional Court upheld the exercise of that right by women in the Guatemalan legal system, guaranteeing non-discrimination in the workplace and the family, informed by a perspective of intersectionality and equality" (2).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Now, the demands of the coalition’s ultra-Orthodox and far-right parties could radically transform the face of a country where equal rights for women are guaranteed in the 1948 declaration of independence and reinforced in several key Supreme Court decisions" (para 15).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Now, the demands of the coalition’s ultra-Orthodox and far-right parties could radically transform the face of a country where equal rights for women are guaranteed in the 1948 declaration of independence and reinforced in several key Supreme Court decisions" (para 15).
April 12, 2024, 5:41 p.m.
Countries: Malaysia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"'[P]arent' in the present constitution, for decades, has meant father" (para 4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"'[P]arent' in the present constitution, for decades, has meant father" (para 4).
April 9, 2024, 9:31 p.m.
Countries: Cuba
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Public entities, the media and civil service officials have obligations and a commitment to the Constitution, which dedicated an entire article to gender-based violence. It is not a small matter; it occupies Cuban society in a transversal way; therefore, the issue does not escape the institutions" (para 20).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Public entities, the media and civil service officials have obligations and a commitment to the Constitution, which dedicated an entire article to gender-based violence. It is not a small matter; it occupies Cuban society in a transversal way; therefore, the issue does not escape the institutions" (para 20).
March 30, 2024, 2:46 p.m.
Countries: Lithuania
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]here is no legislation specifically prohibiting intersecting forms of discrimination against women and no definition of the legal concepts of gender and sex" (4).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[T]here is no legislation specifically prohibiting intersecting forms of discrimination against women and no definition of the legal concepts of gender and sex" (4).
Jan. 29, 2024, 5:50 p.m.
Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The definition of non-discrimination in article 2 of the Constitution fails to encompass all forms of discrimination against women" (3).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"The definition of non-discrimination in article 2 of the Constitution fails to encompass all forms of discrimination against women" (3).
Jan. 19, 2024, 12:06 p.m.
Countries: Central African Rep
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In the Central African Republic, there is no restriction or privilege connected with a person’s place of birth, identity or descent" (27).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"In the Central African Republic, there is no restriction or privilege connected with a person’s place of birth, identity or descent" (27).
Jan. 16, 2024, 6:33 p.m.
Countries: Botswana
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Whereas the Botswana Constitution guarantees and promotes protection to every person residing within the Country irrespective of their race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, the definition of discrimination in the Constitution does not include discrimination against women" (9). “The Constitution of Botswana recognizes the equality of women and men before the law” (9). Possible contradiction with above statement (BC CODER - COMMENT). "Whereas the Committee has called on the Government of Botswana to amend her Constitution to include discrimination against women as part of the definition of discrimination; and whereas the Government of Botswana is desirous to have an inclusive and public consultation on constitutional...more
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Whereas the Botswana Constitution guarantees and promotes protection to every person residing within the Country irrespective of their race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, the definition of discrimination in the Constitution does not include discrimination against women" (9). “The Constitution of Botswana recognizes the equality of women and men before the law” (9). Possible contradiction with above statement (BC CODER - COMMENT). "Whereas the Committee has called on the Government of Botswana to amend her Constitution to include discrimination against women as part of the definition of discrimination; and whereas the Government of Botswana is desirous to have an inclusive and public consultation on constitutional...more
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[Article 12(1) of the Singapore Constitution] specifically provides that 'All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law'" (10).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"[Article 12(1) of the Singapore Constitution] specifically provides that 'All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law'" (10).
Nov. 22, 2023, 5:13 p.m.
Countries: Indonesia
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women are entitled to the same rights as men, including the right to wear what they choose" (14).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Women are entitled to the same rights as men, including the right to wear what they choose" (14).