Latest items for CLCW-PRACTICE-1
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:19 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCW-LAW-2
"Kyrgyzstan’s Constitutional Court has cancelled its own ruling allowing citizens to use their matronymic instead of patronymic in their official identity documents. The decision that gave the Kyrgyz the right to use their mother’s name in their ID papers had been taken in June. On Thursday, the Court announced a new ruling saying that the earlier decision had been met by the public 'on the whole, as a negative move that encroaches on Kyrgyz people’s moral values and traditions'. It said that the 'extremely negative' reaction was threatening to undermine public confidence in the Constitutional Court, and therefore it was cancelling its recommendation to the government to introduce legal changes...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCW-LAW-2
"Kyrgyzstan’s Constitutional Court has cancelled its own ruling allowing citizens to use their matronymic instead of patronymic in their official identity documents. The decision that gave the Kyrgyz the right to use their mother’s name in their ID papers had been taken in June. On Thursday, the Court announced a new ruling saying that the earlier decision had been met by the public 'on the whole, as a negative move that encroaches on Kyrgyz people’s moral values and traditions'. It said that the 'extremely negative' reaction was threatening to undermine public confidence in the Constitutional Court, and therefore it was cancelling its recommendation to the government to introduce legal changes...more
Dec. 11, 2024, 11:26 p.m.
Countries: Iran
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"I am aware she traveled to Iran last year to attend her father’s funeral. As she is married to a fellow Iranian, she will have needed her husband’s legal permission to leave the country upon returning to the U.S" (para 14).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"I am aware she traveled to Iran last year to attend her father’s funeral. As she is married to a fellow Iranian, she will have needed her husband’s legal permission to leave the country upon returning to the U.S" (para 14).
Dec. 9, 2024, 1:35 p.m.
Countries: Kenya
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Her estranged father had her birth certificate and the prospects of finding him were poor, while her mother’s attempts to get a copy from government offices ran up against bureaucratic obstacles" (par. 5). This suggests that the identifications papers of women are held by their male family members (IME - CODER COMMENTS).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Her estranged father had her birth certificate and the prospects of finding him were poor, while her mother’s attempts to get a copy from government offices ran up against bureaucratic obstacles" (par. 5). This suggests that the identifications papers of women are held by their male family members (IME - CODER COMMENTS).
Nov. 12, 2024, 1:32 p.m.
Countries: Latvia
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee welcomes the adoption in 2019 of the Law on the Discontinuation of Non-citizen’s Status for Children, establishing that all children born in the State party after 1 January 2020 automatically obtain Latvian citizenship. It is concerned, however, at the potential gender impact of current legislation and policies regarding citizenship, in particular on the most disadvantaged groups of women, owing to the lack of statistical data disaggregated by sex, age and other relevant factors. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure an analysis of the potential gender impact of current legislation and policies regarding citizenship by developing data collection systems that capture information disaggregated by sex, age, linguistic...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee welcomes the adoption in 2019 of the Law on the Discontinuation of Non-citizen’s Status for Children, establishing that all children born in the State party after 1 January 2020 automatically obtain Latvian citizenship. It is concerned, however, at the potential gender impact of current legislation and policies regarding citizenship, in particular on the most disadvantaged groups of women, owing to the lack of statistical data disaggregated by sex, age and other relevant factors. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure an analysis of the potential gender impact of current legislation and policies regarding citizenship by developing data collection systems that capture information disaggregated by sex, age, linguistic...more
April 12, 2024, 5:41 p.m.
Countries: Malaysia
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he lack of citizenship sets up hurdles in [women's] daily lives, including hospital visits and schooling, with the latter costing exorbitant sum for non-citizens compared to the token 1ringgit ( US cents) for citizens" (para 17).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he lack of citizenship sets up hurdles in [women's] daily lives, including hospital visits and schooling, with the latter costing exorbitant sum for non-citizens compared to the token 1ringgit ( US cents) for citizens" (para 17).
March 30, 2024, 2:46 p.m.
Countries: Lithuania
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Lithuanian women may transmit their nationality to their foreign husbands" (10).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Lithuanian women may transmit their nationality to their foreign husbands" (10).
Jan. 28, 2024, 6:55 p.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Like many grandmothers, Kouassi Akissi Jeanne doesn’t know her age but has an identity card with a date of birth which may or may not be correct"(para 24). This shows that women are able to get an ID card, but there are issues concerning its credibility (EV-Coder Comment).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Like many grandmothers, Kouassi Akissi Jeanne doesn’t know her age but has an identity card with a date of birth which may or may not be correct"(para 24). This shows that women are able to get an ID card, but there are issues concerning its credibility (EV-Coder Comment).
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Singaporean men and women have equal rights to change or retain their nationality, if they meet Singapore’s legal and policy requirements" (20). "[T]he grant of Singapore PR to migrant spouses of Singapore Citizens (SC) is not automatic. Each application for PR is evaluated holistically on a range of criteria to ensure that the SC spouse can support the family and that the marriage is stable. SC children from the marriage would be a plus factor" (43-44).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Singaporean men and women have equal rights to change or retain their nationality, if they meet Singapore’s legal and policy requirements" (20). "[T]he grant of Singapore PR to migrant spouses of Singapore Citizens (SC) is not automatic. Each application for PR is evaluated holistically on a range of criteria to ensure that the SC spouse can support the family and that the marriage is stable. SC children from the marriage would be a plus factor" (43-44).
Jan. 3, 2024, 3:46 p.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"LTVP+ holders are eligible for healthcare subsidies for inpatient services at restructured hospitals at a level similar to PRs. Similar to LTVP holders, LTVP+ holders are eligible to apply for a Letter of Consent (LOC) or Pre-Approved LOC (PLOC) to work. Migrant spouses with at least one Singaporean child from their marriage or who have been married to an SC for at least 3 years will be considered for the LTVP+ when they apply for renewal of their LTVP or submit a fresh LTVP application" (44).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"LTVP+ holders are eligible for healthcare subsidies for inpatient services at restructured hospitals at a level similar to PRs. Similar to LTVP holders, LTVP+ holders are eligible to apply for a Letter of Consent (LOC) or Pre-Approved LOC (PLOC) to work. Migrant spouses with at least one Singaporean child from their marriage or who have been married to an SC for at least 3 years will be considered for the LTVP+ when they apply for renewal of their LTVP or submit a fresh LTVP application" (44).
Nov. 6, 2023, 11:49 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCC-PRACTICE-1
"No discriminatory or restrictive provisions are in place against women and their children with respect to their rights to acquiring, renouncing and restoring Chinese nationality" (18).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCC-PRACTICE-1
"No discriminatory or restrictive provisions are in place against women and their children with respect to their rights to acquiring, renouncing and restoring Chinese nationality" (18).
Sept. 30, 2023, 4 p.m.
Countries: Kazakhstan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee is concerned that the following legislative gaps create a high risk of statelessness for women and girls in the State party: (a) Births may not be registered unless parents provide identity documents; (c) Legislation requires economic self-sufficiency or property ownership to acquire or reacquire nationality;" (p.11).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee is concerned that the following legislative gaps create a high risk of statelessness for women and girls in the State party: (a) Births may not be registered unless parents provide identity documents; (c) Legislation requires economic self-sufficiency or property ownership to acquire or reacquire nationality;" (p.11).
July 25, 2023, 10:44 a.m.
Countries: Cambodia
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[There are] reports of difficulties faced by ethnic Vietnamese and Khmer Krom women in obtaining birth certificates for their children born in Cambodia, as well as national identity cards for themselves, which prevents them and their children from gaining access to education, employment, health care and housing... [The state does not f]acilitate access to identity documentation and birth registration and certificates by stateless women and their children and ensure that government officials do not confiscate documents during the process of registration" (10).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[There are] reports of difficulties faced by ethnic Vietnamese and Khmer Krom women in obtaining birth certificates for their children born in Cambodia, as well as national identity cards for themselves, which prevents them and their children from gaining access to education, employment, health care and housing... [The state does not f]acilitate access to identity documentation and birth registration and certificates by stateless women and their children and ensure that government officials do not confiscate documents during the process of registration" (10).
July 21, 2023, 11:58 a.m.
Countries: Azerbaijan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"According to the Law On State Registration and State Register of Legal Persons, any party that intends to obtain a status of legal person in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan should pass the official registration of a representative office or a branch of foreign legal person and be inserted into the State Register" (7-8).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"According to the Law On State Registration and State Register of Legal Persons, any party that intends to obtain a status of legal person in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan should pass the official registration of a representative office or a branch of foreign legal person and be inserted into the State Register" (7-8).
April 1, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Uzbekistan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Preliminary consideration of citizenship issues is carried out by the Commission on Citizenship Issues under the President. At the Main Directorate of Migration and Citizenship of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and at the local level, citizens apply through the 'electronic queue' system, a bot service '@mvafrbot' developed in the Telegram messenger which provides an opportunity for consultations. Pursuant to a presidential decree of 11 July 2017, and in conjunction with the UNICON.UZ State Unitary Enterprise, an electronic system for 'registration at place of residence' was implemented on a one-stop interactive government services portal, which was launched in test mode on 1 September 2019 via the website www.gumiog.uz. According to...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Preliminary consideration of citizenship issues is carried out by the Commission on Citizenship Issues under the President. At the Main Directorate of Migration and Citizenship of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and at the local level, citizens apply through the 'electronic queue' system, a bot service '@mvafrbot' developed in the Telegram messenger which provides an opportunity for consultations. Pursuant to a presidential decree of 11 July 2017, and in conjunction with the UNICON.UZ State Unitary Enterprise, an electronic system for 'registration at place of residence' was implemented on a one-stop interactive government services portal, which was launched in test mode on 1 September 2019 via the website www.gumiog.uz. According to...more
March 31, 2023, 2:31 p.m.
Countries: Egypt
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, MARR-PRACTICE-6
"Egyptian mothers encounter difficulties in transferring their nationality to their foreign husbands, unlike Egyptian men, who have the right to do so after two years of marriage... Egyptian women married to foreigners are still encountering obstacles in passing their nationality to their children" (9).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, MARR-PRACTICE-6
"Egyptian mothers encounter difficulties in transferring their nationality to their foreign husbands, unlike Egyptian men, who have the right to do so after two years of marriage... Egyptian women married to foreigners are still encountering obstacles in passing their nationality to their children" (9).
Feb. 24, 2023, 12:54 p.m.
Countries: Nepal
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2013, MoHA launched two types of campaigns for facilitated and persuasive distribution of citizenship across the country: (a) Deployment of Integrated Mobile Service Teams; and (b) Launching of Citizenship Distribution Team Campaigns. It distributed 181,713 citizenship certificates, of which 107,966 were for women (59.42%) and 73,747 were for men through Integrated Mobile Service Team. Similarly, through the Citizenship Distribution Team Campaign, 421,381 citizenship certificates were distributed, of which 257,444 were for women (61.10%) and 163,937 were for men." (12). "In order to execute the judicial orders of the SC, the MoHA issued a sevenpoint directive circular to all District Administration Offices (DAOs) on January 30, 2013 to provide citizenship...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2013, MoHA launched two types of campaigns for facilitated and persuasive distribution of citizenship across the country: (a) Deployment of Integrated Mobile Service Teams; and (b) Launching of Citizenship Distribution Team Campaigns. It distributed 181,713 citizenship certificates, of which 107,966 were for women (59.42%) and 73,747 were for men through Integrated Mobile Service Team. Similarly, through the Citizenship Distribution Team Campaign, 421,381 citizenship certificates were distributed, of which 257,444 were for women (61.10%) and 163,937 were for men." (12). "In order to execute the judicial orders of the SC, the MoHA issued a sevenpoint directive circular to all District Administration Offices (DAOs) on January 30, 2013 to provide citizenship...more
Feb. 6, 2023, 12:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women] notes with concern...[t]he barriers to access to birth registration, particularly for stateless women, women of undermined nationality, Mugat or Lyuli women and their children, particularly in rural areas, and the lack of safeguards to prevent statelessness of children and statelessness in case of voluntary renunciation of nationality" (9). "The Committee...recommends that the State party...[e]nsure that women and men have...the same rights to choose a family name" (16).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[T]he Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women] notes with concern...[t]he barriers to access to birth registration, particularly for stateless women, women of undermined nationality, Mugat or Lyuli women and their children, particularly in rural areas, and the lack of safeguards to prevent statelessness of children and statelessness in case of voluntary renunciation of nationality" (9). "The Committee...recommends that the State party...[e]nsure that women and men have...the same rights to choose a family name" (16).
Feb. 2, 2023, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee notes that non-citizens applying for Austrian citizenship must have proof of a 'sufficiently secured livelihood' far above the indicative national rates of guaranteed minimum income, among other requirements. It is concerned that the threshold requirement has a structurally discriminatory effect on women, given that only their own income and legal claims to maintenance, child allowance and insurance benefits can be taken into consideration for that purpose, thereby not taking into consideration unpaid work performed by them, such as childcare, housework or taking care of older family members. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that, under the special provision for bestowal of nationality to children born stateless in Austria (article...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee notes that non-citizens applying for Austrian citizenship must have proof of a 'sufficiently secured livelihood' far above the indicative national rates of guaranteed minimum income, among other requirements. It is concerned that the threshold requirement has a structurally discriminatory effect on women, given that only their own income and legal claims to maintenance, child allowance and insurance benefits can be taken into consideration for that purpose, thereby not taking into consideration unpaid work performed by them, such as childcare, housework or taking care of older family members. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that, under the special provision for bestowal of nationality to children born stateless in Austria (article...more
Dec. 26, 2022, 5:35 p.m.
Countries: Qatar
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCW-LAW-2
"Women have to obtain men's permission (usually their father's or brother's) to…travel. (An app that allows men to veto travel permits, driving licences and other government services for unmarried women under 25 has been downloaded a million times)" (para 3).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, CLCW-LAW-2
"Women have to obtain men's permission (usually their father's or brother's) to…travel. (An app that allows men to veto travel permits, driving licences and other government services for unmarried women under 25 has been downloaded a million times)" (para 3).
Sept. 2, 2022, 8:30 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, LO-PRACTICE-1
"Many women, in particular rural women, face barriers to obtaining identity documents, which restricts their access to, inter alia, education, health care, employment opportunities, bank loans and property" (10).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, LO-PRACTICE-1
"Many women, in particular rural women, face barriers to obtaining identity documents, which restricts their access to, inter alia, education, health care, employment opportunities, bank loans and property" (10).
June 28, 2022, 2:56 p.m.
Countries: Bangladesh
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"More than three-fourths of women age 15-49 (78%) have NID card" (199). "More than three-fourths of women age 15-49 have an NID card (78%). The percentage of women with an NID card declines with increasing education, from 95% among those with no education to 66% among those with a secondary education or higher" (202).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"More than three-fourths of women age 15-49 (78%) have NID card" (199). "More than three-fourths of women age 15-49 have an NID card (78%). The percentage of women with an NID card declines with increasing education, from 95% among those with no education to 66% among those with a secondary education or higher" (202).
June 21, 2022, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Guyana
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee welcomes the establishment of 200 decentralized registration centres throughout the State party and its efforts to enable Venezuelan women and girls of Guyanese descent to obtain documentation. It is concerned, however, that women in hinterland areas still face barriers in registering births and acquiring identity documentation for themselves and their children. It is further concerned that the high demand for registration and documentation of nationality, as a result of the arrival of Venezuelan women and girls of Guyanese descent, exceeds the capacities of the General Registrar’s Office, in particular because the absence of documentation restricts those persons in the exercise of their rights as Guyanese citizens, prevents them...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee welcomes the establishment of 200 decentralized registration centres throughout the State party and its efforts to enable Venezuelan women and girls of Guyanese descent to obtain documentation. It is concerned, however, that women in hinterland areas still face barriers in registering births and acquiring identity documentation for themselves and their children. It is further concerned that the high demand for registration and documentation of nationality, as a result of the arrival of Venezuelan women and girls of Guyanese descent, exceeds the capacities of the General Registrar’s Office, in particular because the absence of documentation restricts those persons in the exercise of their rights as Guyanese citizens, prevents them...more
June 7, 2022, 10:47 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
"The Marriage Law is the first law enacted after the founding of New China, which was amended in 1980 and 2001 respectively. The Law is fully consistent with the provisions of Article 16 of the Convention as to the principle of non-discrimination in all matters relating to marriage and family relations. According to the Law, marriage must be based on the complete willingness of both man and woman. Both the man and the woman desiring to contract a marriage shall register in person with the marriage registration office; irrespective of marital status, both husband and wife have the duty to bring up and educate their children; both husband and wife...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1, MARR-LAW-1
"The Marriage Law is the first law enacted after the founding of New China, which was amended in 1980 and 2001 respectively. The Law is fully consistent with the provisions of Article 16 of the Convention as to the principle of non-discrimination in all matters relating to marriage and family relations. According to the Law, marriage must be based on the complete willingness of both man and woman. Both the man and the woman desiring to contract a marriage shall register in person with the marriage registration office; irrespective of marital status, both husband and wife have the duty to bring up and educate their children; both husband and wife...more
May 16, 2022, 8:09 p.m.
Countries: Suriname
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"It is custom in Suriname that married women bear their husband’s surname or bear the husband’s surname prior to the own surname. If the Draft Civil Code is passed both married men and women are entitled to bear each other’s surname or bear the other’s surname prior to the own surname or bear the own surname prior to the other’s surname. Moreover, one is not as is the case in some countries -- legally obliged to use the own surname. A similar revision has been proposed in the Draft Civil Code regarding the name for children. For children who are born in marriage or who have been legally recognized by...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"It is custom in Suriname that married women bear their husband’s surname or bear the husband’s surname prior to the own surname. If the Draft Civil Code is passed both married men and women are entitled to bear each other’s surname or bear the other’s surname prior to the own surname or bear the own surname prior to the other’s surname. Moreover, one is not as is the case in some countries -- legally obliged to use the own surname. A similar revision has been proposed in the Draft Civil Code regarding the name for children. For children who are born in marriage or who have been legally recognized by...more
March 25, 2022, 8:54 p.m.
Countries: United Arab Emirates
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Custom dictates that a husband may prevent his wife, minor children, and adult unmarried daughters from leaving the country by taking custody of their passports" (21). "The government excluded women from certain social and economic benefits, including land grants for building houses, because tribal family law often designates men as the heads of families" (29).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Custom dictates that a husband may prevent his wife, minor children, and adult unmarried daughters from leaving the country by taking custody of their passports" (21). "The government excluded women from certain social and economic benefits, including land grants for building houses, because tribal family law often designates men as the heads of families" (29).
March 10, 2022, 10:53 p.m.
Countries: Lebanon
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Since August 2018 divorced women have been allowed to include the names of their children on their civil records" (32).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Since August 2018 divorced women have been allowed to include the names of their children on their civil records" (32).
Jan. 6, 2022, 12:09 p.m.
Countries: Somalia
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"In regards to Somali passports, any one who holds a passport, their mother's name is on the passport, this may be due to many Somalis sharing the same name" (1).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"In regards to Somali passports, any one who holds a passport, their mother's name is on the passport, this may be due to many Somalis sharing the same name" (1).
Nov. 30, 2021, 2:34 p.m.
Countries: Palestine
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"There were some reports unmarried women faced restrictions on travel out of Gaza" (83).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"There were some reports unmarried women faced restrictions on travel out of Gaza" (83).
Oct. 15, 2021, 9:09 a.m.
Countries: Qatar
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Women in Qatar are living under a system of 'deep discrimination' – dependent on men for permission to marry, travel, pursue higher education or make decisions about their own children, according to a new report" (para 1). "Researchers looked at 27 laws covering work, accommodation and status and found that women must get permission from male 'guardians' – fathers, brothers, uncles and husbands – to exercise many basic rights. They cannot be primary carers of their children, even if they are divorced or the children’s father has died. If the child has no male relative to act as guardian, the government takes on this role" (para 3). "Women interviewed for...more
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"Women in Qatar are living under a system of 'deep discrimination' – dependent on men for permission to marry, travel, pursue higher education or make decisions about their own children, according to a new report" (para 1). "Researchers looked at 27 laws covering work, accommodation and status and found that women must get permission from male 'guardians' – fathers, brothers, uncles and husbands – to exercise many basic rights. They cannot be primary carers of their children, even if they are divorced or the children’s father has died. If the child has no male relative to act as guardian, the government takes on this role" (para 3). "Women interviewed for...more
Sept. 22, 2021, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[The Committee] notes with concern the specific obstacles, including administrative barriers and corruption, faced by women heads of households, widows, divorcees and internally displaced and returnee women in obtaining identity cards" (12). "[T]he Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure that under the new citizenship law women and men are granted equal rights with respect to nationality, including the right to transmit it to their children...(c) Amend the Civil Registration Law to remove barriers faced by women, including women heads of households, widows, divorcees and internally displaced and returnee women, in obtaining identity documents" (12).
Variables: CLCW-PRACTICE-1
"[The Committee] notes with concern the specific obstacles, including administrative barriers and corruption, faced by women heads of households, widows, divorcees and internally displaced and returnee women in obtaining identity cards" (12). "[T]he Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure that under the new citizenship law women and men are granted equal rights with respect to nationality, including the right to transmit it to their children...(c) Amend the Civil Registration Law to remove barriers faced by women, including women heads of households, widows, divorcees and internally displaced and returnee women, in obtaining identity documents" (12).