Latest items for CL-PRACTICE-2
Dec. 5, 2024, 4:37 p.m.
Countries: Norway
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, DMW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee notes...with concern that women are overrepresented among caregivers for older family members and that campaigns to encourage men to take up caretaking professions overemphasize the technological aspects of such care, which reinforces stereotypes that men are more skilled and interested in technology than women" (6).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, DMW-PRACTICE-1
"The Committee notes...with concern that women are overrepresented among caregivers for older family members and that campaigns to encourage men to take up caretaking professions overemphasize the technological aspects of such care, which reinforces stereotypes that men are more skilled and interested in technology than women" (6).
Oct. 16, 2024, 11:27 a.m.
Countries: North Korea
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2, DLB-DATA-1
"'With no alternative source of income, they [women] are still required to feed their family, look after sick family members, while also providing contributions to the state'" (para 15).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2, DLB-DATA-1
"'With no alternative source of income, they [women] are still required to feed their family, look after sick family members, while also providing contributions to the state'" (para 15).
Jan. 28, 2024, 6:55 p.m.
Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"This is not what Naonou and countless grandmothers in her village envisaged for the last years of their lives. After decades of backbreaking work, when your grandchildren were born, your children were expected to take over and provide and care for you. Your children were your retirement plan, your retirement home and your carers" (para 35). This quote shows in the past there was an expectation for sons and daughters to take care of their elderly parents, but now there is no physical care or financial support for elderly or disabled parents (EV-Coder Comment).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"This is not what Naonou and countless grandmothers in her village envisaged for the last years of their lives. After decades of backbreaking work, when your grandchildren were born, your children were expected to take over and provide and care for you. Your children were your retirement plan, your retirement home and your carers" (para 35). This quote shows in the past there was an expectation for sons and daughters to take care of their elderly parents, but now there is no physical care or financial support for elderly or disabled parents (EV-Coder Comment).
Jan. 4, 2024, 10:41 a.m.
Countries: Singapore
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"[Due to] the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased the demand for care work (e.g., due to the closure of schools), the burden of [care work] falls more heavily on women" (14). "Many women tend to bear the caregiving burden, and hence, they are likely to have low [central provident fund] balances" (33).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"[Due to] the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased the demand for care work (e.g., due to the closure of schools), the burden of [care work] falls more heavily on women" (14). "Many women tend to bear the caregiving burden, and hence, they are likely to have low [central provident fund] balances" (33).
Dec. 5, 2023, 11:18 a.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"[S]he says the cost of bringing up her son on top of caring for her elderly parents and those of her husband were her main concerns" (pp 4). She cared for her parents because she is an only child. She probably would not have to care for them if she had a brother (MV- coder comment).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"[S]he says the cost of bringing up her son on top of caring for her elderly parents and those of her husband were her main concerns" (pp 4). She cared for her parents because she is an only child. She probably would not have to care for them if she had a brother (MV- coder comment).
July 10, 2023, 9:26 p.m.
Countries: Maldives
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In addition to the social norms which shape girls’ educational focus and which direct the labour force engagement, unpaid care work in the home remains the key challenge to women’s full and robust labour force participation. Women spend on average six hours a day on unpaid care work in the home, as compared to men who spend 3 hours a day on average. Women’s overall monthly earnings are MVR 7,510 (approximately USD$487) as compared to MVR 11,977(approximately USD$776) for men. For many women in Male, and on the islands, day care is either unavailable or unaffordable. In a country where extended families living in a household is common, the lack...more
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In addition to the social norms which shape girls’ educational focus and which direct the labour force engagement, unpaid care work in the home remains the key challenge to women’s full and robust labour force participation. Women spend on average six hours a day on unpaid care work in the home, as compared to men who spend 3 hours a day on average. Women’s overall monthly earnings are MVR 7,510 (approximately USD$487) as compared to MVR 11,977(approximately USD$776) for men. For many women in Male, and on the islands, day care is either unavailable or unaffordable. In a country where extended families living in a household is common, the lack...more
June 14, 2023, 7:56 p.m.
Countries: Bolivia
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Act on Employment and Financial Assistance for Persons with Disabilities stipulates that at least 4 per cent of the staff of public sector institutions must be persons with disabilities or family members or guardians caring for disabled minors or persons with severe or very severe disabilities" (26). It does not directly specifiy a specific gender responsible for caring for the elderly or disabled (MV- coder comment).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Act on Employment and Financial Assistance for Persons with Disabilities stipulates that at least 4 per cent of the staff of public sector institutions must be persons with disabilities or family members or guardians caring for disabled minors or persons with severe or very severe disabilities" (26). It does not directly specifiy a specific gender responsible for caring for the elderly or disabled (MV- coder comment).
March 8, 2023, 1:43 p.m.
Countries: Montenegro
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In terms of unpaid work [including]... care of the elderly and the sick..., the total female population was incomparably more burdened than men – research shows that women worked 92 per cent more than men in the field of unpaid care and domestic work" (21).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In terms of unpaid work [including]... care of the elderly and the sick..., the total female population was incomparably more burdened than men – research shows that women worked 92 per cent more than men in the field of unpaid care and domestic work" (21).
Feb. 22, 2023, 1:05 p.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
“Indeed, Bulgarian women still bear most of responsibility of care for family and dependents, limiting their time for labour market activities. Coincidentally, they are more likely to start a home-based business and to work part-time. Women often have more limited access to critical resources, support, and information needed to successfully start and manage a new business than men. Generally, they have more limited personal financial assets than men leading to a higher need for external funding to exploit a business opportunity all else equal. While access to financing at all stages of business development for women entrepreneurs is essential, women moving from micro businesses to small and medium-sized businesses face...more
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
“Indeed, Bulgarian women still bear most of responsibility of care for family and dependents, limiting their time for labour market activities. Coincidentally, they are more likely to start a home-based business and to work part-time. Women often have more limited access to critical resources, support, and information needed to successfully start and manage a new business than men. Generally, they have more limited personal financial assets than men leading to a higher need for external funding to exploit a business opportunity all else equal. While access to financing at all stages of business development for women entrepreneurs is essential, women moving from micro businesses to small and medium-sized businesses face...more
Feb. 22, 2023, 12:45 p.m.
Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, AFE-PRACTICE-1, AFE-DATA-1
“The rate of youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEETs) is well above the EU average, despite the implementation of the Youth Guarantee and is particularly high among Roma youth (61 percent) especially girls. The majority of NEETs are women and Bulgaria has the highest share of NEETs due to family responsibilities (above 30 percent) among those with basic education in the EU” (9).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, AFE-PRACTICE-1, AFE-DATA-1
“The rate of youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEETs) is well above the EU average, despite the implementation of the Youth Guarantee and is particularly high among Roma youth (61 percent) especially girls. The majority of NEETs are women and Bulgaria has the highest share of NEETs due to family responsibilities (above 30 percent) among those with basic education in the EU” (9).
Feb. 4, 2023, 6:14 p.m.
Countries: Namibia
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Bill aimed at amending the Maintenance Act, 2003 (Act No. 9 of 2003),so as to amend the definition of 'maintenance order' and insert the definition of marriage, to clarify the legal duty to maintain, to provide for assistance to minors who are applying for maintenance, to provide for child participation as appropriate, to clarify maintenance costs relevant to persons with disabilities, to clarify the provisions on pregnancy and birth-related expenses as well as to clarify the procedure for transfer of maintenance orders between courts and to provide for incidental matters thereto." (6) (NF - CODER COMMENT - The inclusion of disabled children, minors or not, into child support payments...more
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Bill aimed at amending the Maintenance Act, 2003 (Act No. 9 of 2003),so as to amend the definition of 'maintenance order' and insert the definition of marriage, to clarify the legal duty to maintain, to provide for assistance to minors who are applying for maintenance, to provide for child participation as appropriate, to clarify maintenance costs relevant to persons with disabilities, to clarify the provisions on pregnancy and birth-related expenses as well as to clarify the procedure for transfer of maintenance orders between courts and to provide for incidental matters thereto." (6) (NF - CODER COMMENT - The inclusion of disabled children, minors or not, into child support payments...more
Feb. 2, 2023, 1:11 p.m.
Countries: Austria
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Committee notes that non-citizens applying for Austrian citizenship must have proof of a 'sufficiently secured livelihood' far above the indicative national rates of guaranteed minimum income, among other requirements. It is concerned that the threshold requirement has a structurally discriminatory effect on women, given that only their own income and legal claims to maintenance, child allowance and insurance benefits can be taken into consideration for that purpose, thereby not taking into consideration unpaid work performed by them, such as childcare, housework or taking care of older family members. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure that unpaid work is taken into account for the determination of a...more
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Committee notes that non-citizens applying for Austrian citizenship must have proof of a 'sufficiently secured livelihood' far above the indicative national rates of guaranteed minimum income, among other requirements. It is concerned that the threshold requirement has a structurally discriminatory effect on women, given that only their own income and legal claims to maintenance, child allowance and insurance benefits can be taken into consideration for that purpose, thereby not taking into consideration unpaid work performed by them, such as childcare, housework or taking care of older family members. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Ensure that unpaid work is taken into account for the determination of a...more
Jan. 12, 2023, 10:12 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"As the population grows older, typically the duty of care falls on family members, as the nation doesn’t necessarily have the resources to provide aged care services to such a large demographic. However, many people either don’t have regular contact with their family, or have no family at all (which will probably become more common as fewer and fewer Japanese people are choosing to get married and have children). In fact, over half of the elderly women that are in jail lived alone, while 40% didn’t have any regular contact with family and rarely spoke to their relatives" (para 4).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"As the population grows older, typically the duty of care falls on family members, as the nation doesn’t necessarily have the resources to provide aged care services to such a large demographic. However, many people either don’t have regular contact with their family, or have no family at all (which will probably become more common as fewer and fewer Japanese people are choosing to get married and have children). In fact, over half of the elderly women that are in jail lived alone, while 40% didn’t have any regular contact with family and rarely spoke to their relatives" (para 4).
Jan. 12, 2023, 8:01 p.m.
Countries: Nicaragua
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"One of the most significant moments in the 1980s for the women’s movement came in 1987 with the Proclama. The Proclama was the result of seven years of lobbying and agitation by the movement. Numerous open meetings had been held during this time discussing the plight of women, namely their dual role as unpaid careers for the family and poorly paid salaried workers" (para 14).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"One of the most significant moments in the 1980s for the women’s movement came in 1987 with the Proclama. The Proclama was the result of seven years of lobbying and agitation by the movement. Numerous open meetings had been held during this time discussing the plight of women, namely their dual role as unpaid careers for the family and poorly paid salaried workers" (para 14).
March 14, 2022, 6:52 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Although daughters represent the largest share of caregivers, the difference in share between daughters and sons with respect to the provision of money is smaller than the difference with respect to services and things. In general, for services and things daughters play a larger role than sons do" (126).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Although daughters represent the largest share of caregivers, the difference in share between daughters and sons with respect to the provision of money is smaller than the difference with respect to services and things. In general, for services and things daughters play a larger role than sons do" (126).
March 14, 2022, 6:52 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"When one looks at the distribution of caregivers...daughters are principle contributors of money, services and things in [Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico]" (126).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"When one looks at the distribution of caregivers...daughters are principle contributors of money, services and things in [Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico]" (126).
March 14, 2022, 6:50 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"...caregivers in Argentina who live within the household and provide money are more likely to be married males around 52 years of age, with more education and higher employment status than individuals who are not providing money. Providers of services within the household are more likely to be unemployed females and older than those who do not provide services" (124).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"...caregivers in Argentina who live within the household and provide money are more likely to be married males around 52 years of age, with more education and higher employment status than individuals who are not providing money. Providers of services within the household are more likely to be unemployed females and older than those who do not provide services" (124).
March 14, 2022, 6:49 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"...female relatives benefit from the largest share of elderly contributions...in Argentina, they receive the largest share of money and services…Overall, females are the main beneficiaries of elderly provision of money, services, things and childcare" (126-127).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"...female relatives benefit from the largest share of elderly contributions...in Argentina, they receive the largest share of money and services…Overall, females are the main beneficiaries of elderly provision of money, services, things and childcare" (126-127).
March 14, 2022, 6:47 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Among providers of money within the household, females are younger, better educated and less likely to be married than males who provide money. Female providers of services and things within the household are more likely to be outside the labour force than males who provide the same services" (124).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Among providers of money within the household, females are younger, better educated and less likely to be married than males who provide money. Female providers of services and things within the household are more likely to be outside the labour force than males who provide the same services" (124).
March 14, 2022, 6:45 p.m.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Regarding siblings who provide services or things to the elderly, caregivers are more likely to be females who live in the same neighborhood or city as their brother or sister. Among sibling providers of money, services and things, males are more likely to be married than females" (124).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"Regarding siblings who provide services or things to the elderly, caregivers are more likely to be females who live in the same neighborhood or city as their brother or sister. Among sibling providers of money, services and things, males are more likely to be married than females" (124).
March 9, 2022, 8:57 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The phenomenon of postponing the age of marriage, and of having children increases the number of families where children are present simultaneously with the elderly so that the couple has to work harder...When the elderly are no longer able to care for themselves, the family’s income is put to the test. Nursing homes are quantitatively inadequate and expensive, and even homebased care, particularly the integrated one as delivered by local institutions is insufficient. In this area, there is thus a strong commitment of volunteers" (98).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The phenomenon of postponing the age of marriage, and of having children increases the number of families where children are present simultaneously with the elderly so that the couple has to work harder...When the elderly are no longer able to care for themselves, the family’s income is put to the test. Nursing homes are quantitatively inadequate and expensive, and even homebased care, particularly the integrated one as delivered by local institutions is insufficient. In this area, there is thus a strong commitment of volunteers" (98).
Jan. 6, 2022, 12:09 p.m.
Countries: Somalia
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"There are gender differences in expectations concerning who cares for the elderly or disabled parents. In almost every cases, the daughter cares for the elderly or disabled parent. A daughter is expected to take care of her of her elderly parents. In the case of marriage, if a mother has a daughter and son. The elderly mother will live with the daughter instead of the son" (1).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"There are gender differences in expectations concerning who cares for the elderly or disabled parents. In almost every cases, the daughter cares for the elderly or disabled parent. A daughter is expected to take care of her of her elderly parents. In the case of marriage, if a mother has a daughter and son. The elderly mother will live with the daughter instead of the son" (1).
Sept. 8, 2021, 6:17 p.m.
Countries: Sweden
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Miranda et. al. study linked its findings to the continued progress of gender revolution in Scandinavia, where women are given greater opportunities to develop their potential as actors in the public sphere. It underscored that daughters are deemed more valuable to parents in terms of socially desirable traits, including wage-earning and dutiful caring" (para 5).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
"The Miranda et. al. study linked its findings to the continued progress of gender revolution in Scandinavia, where women are given greater opportunities to develop their potential as actors in the public sphere. It underscored that daughters are deemed more valuable to parents in terms of socially desirable traits, including wage-earning and dutiful caring" (para 5).
April 26, 2021, 11:49 a.m.
Countries: Italy
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The phenomenon of postponing the age of marriage, and of having children increases the number of families where children are present simultaneously with the elderly so that the couple has to work harder...When the elderly are no longer able to care for themselves, the family’s income is put to the test. Nursing homes are quantitatively inadequate and expensive, and even homebased care, particularly the integrated one as delivered by local institutions is insufficient. In this area, there is thus a strong commitment of volunteers" (98).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The phenomenon of postponing the age of marriage, and of having children increases the number of families where children are present simultaneously with the elderly so that the couple has to work harder...When the elderly are no longer able to care for themselves, the family’s income is put to the test. Nursing homes are quantitatively inadequate and expensive, and even homebased care, particularly the integrated one as delivered by local institutions is insufficient. In this area, there is thus a strong commitment of volunteers" (98).
Dec. 23, 2020, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Pakistan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The study identified that model constructed by the society determines the traits, responsibilities and parameters for a woman...The responsibilities include accomplishment of all household chores including stitching, bearing and rearing of children, care of ill and old, and participation in social and religious activities in the extended family" (para 45).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The study identified that model constructed by the society determines the traits, responsibilities and parameters for a woman...The responsibilities include accomplishment of all household chores including stitching, bearing and rearing of children, care of ill and old, and participation in social and religious activities in the extended family" (para 45).
July 26, 2020, 9:25 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In Japan, women have long been deemed responsible for care-giver roles, with the male-breadwinner model assigning primary responsibility for the care of young and elderly family dependants to women" (9).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"In Japan, women have long been deemed responsible for care-giver roles, with the male-breadwinner model assigning primary responsibility for the care of young and elderly family dependants to women" (9).
Dec. 14, 2019, 3:07 p.m.
Countries: Japan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The percentage of women who work in Japan is higher than ever, yet cultural norms have not caught up: Japanese wives and mothers are still typically expected to…help for their aging relatives, a factor that stymies many of their careers" (para 7).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"The percentage of women who work in Japan is higher than ever, yet cultural norms have not caught up: Japanese wives and mothers are still typically expected to…help for their aging relatives, a factor that stymies many of their careers" (para 7).
Dec. 8, 2019, 8:28 p.m.
Countries: China
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, WR-PRACTICE-2
"China has set up and improved systems of services for the elderly to ensure that elderly women’ s living conditions and quality of life are improved, and that impoverished, widowed and elderly women living alone are given special care" (para. 39).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2, WR-PRACTICE-2
"China has set up and improved systems of services for the elderly to ensure that elderly women’ s living conditions and quality of life are improved, and that impoverished, widowed and elderly women living alone are given special care" (para. 39).
Nov. 26, 2018, 4:14 p.m.
Countries: Turkey
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
"Women mostly served as unpaid family workers with no social protection apart from that afforded by other family members . . . According to the EU progress report, women’s access to employment was limited by general promotion of the traditional role of women and inadequate child-care services or services for older persons" (page 72).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2
"Women mostly served as unpaid family workers with no social protection apart from that afforded by other family members . . . According to the EU progress report, women’s access to employment was limited by general promotion of the traditional role of women and inadequate child-care services or services for older persons" (page 72).
Sept. 21, 2018, 5:23 p.m.
Countries: Oman
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"There has been an increase in the number and geographical spread of Omani women’s associations throughout the Sultanate’s governorates. These associations are social institutions that have a deep rooted, lively history in Omani society. Their memberships attract many women who participate effectively in promoting women’s volunteer work by participating and benefiting from the activities which the associations organize to develop the local community. As of October 2015, there are 60 such associations with 8,531 members. Women also participate in civil society organizations and other specialized associations and organizations at varying rates (see annex 6 — Women’s associations established during 2011-2015)" (Pg 10-11).
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-2
"There has been an increase in the number and geographical spread of Omani women’s associations throughout the Sultanate’s governorates. These associations are social institutions that have a deep rooted, lively history in Omani society. Their memberships attract many women who participate effectively in promoting women’s volunteer work by participating and benefiting from the activities which the associations organize to develop the local community. As of October 2015, there are 60 such associations with 8,531 members. Women also participate in civil society organizations and other specialized associations and organizations at varying rates (see annex 6 — Women’s associations established during 2011-2015)" (Pg 10-11).