Countries: Italy
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"Official figures show that 72 percent of resignations in 2021 were submitted by women. Most of those who quit cited the difficulties associated with juggling work and childcare duties. 'Care work is still all on women’s shoulders, even for couples where both have jobs,' Chiara Daniela Pronzato, professor of demography at the University of Turin, told Al Jazeera" (para 23-24). "Good quality and affordable childcare is in short supply. There are not enough state-run nursery places and private preschools are very expensive. Plans to use 4.6 billion euros of the EU’s COVID-19 recovery funds to build new nurseries are lagging. 'The most expensive aspect of parenthood is children’s time. Caring...more

Countries: Norway
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"The labour market remains highly segregated based on gender, with women being overrepresented in certain lower-paying sectors and in public and part-time positions that are more reconcilable with their family responsibilities, and...women are underrepresented in the private sector and in managerial posts...Women carry a disproportionate care and child-raising burden, which hampers their career prospects" (11). "The Committee notes with concern that, on average, women receive lower pension benefits than men, owing to occupational segregation, the overrepresentation of women in part-time employment and their disproportionate care and child-raising responsibilities" (12). "The Committee notes with concern...that: women’s health is underresearched, including with regard to the specific health needs of women, occupational hazards...more

Countries: Latvia
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, DLB-DATA-1

"The Committee [is]concerned about...the unequal sharing of family responsibilities between women and men" (11).

Countries: Belize
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"The global Covid-19 Pandemic which emerged in 2020, reversed some of the economic and social gains made for women. At the height of pandemic, many women undertook care-giving roles and unpaid labour in their homes including substitute teachers for children since schools were closed" (5). "As Belize’s population ages, women may be further challenged, excluded and marginalized in their senior years as they continue to spend their productive years in unpaid care work and in the informal sector" (6). "Older persons tend to live near kin. Older women are usually tasked with paid or unpaid caregiving for their children, grandchildren, or neighbours" (7).

Countries: Guatemala
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"Since 2011, sections on time use have been included in the national survey on living conditions and the national employment and income survey. This has made it possible to establish a satellite account for unpaid work in Guatemalan households. In 2019, women performed an average of 33.3 hours of unpaid work per week, a reduction of 4 hours compared with 2017. By contrast, men performed an average of 10.3 hours of unpaid work in 2019, an increase of 0.4 hours compared with 2017. According to data disaggregated by population group, Xinca women performed 36.4 hours of unpaid work per week. Food preparation, childcare and house cleaning are the most representative...more

Countries: Botswana
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

“Available evidence (Botswana AIDS Impact Survey I, II, III and IV) shows that more women and girls…shoulder the heavy burden of care and support of people living with HIV (PLHIV)” (19). "The majority of rural women do not have a partner supporting them with the day-to-day management of the household nor contributing financially to children growth and development. This traditional family construct contributes to the overrepresentation of women among poor rural households” (35). "Access to water remains a challenge for rural women in Botswana. Although the rights of access to land generally include access to surface water resources, subject to existing rights, women’s plots tend to be far from water...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

“When Yuna turned up for her first day at work, as a clerk at a major bank, she was not expecting the tasks she would be assigned. First was to make lunch for her team. Later, she was ordered to take the hand towels from the men's toilet home and wash them. These jobs fell to her, she was told, as the newest female member of staff. At first she politely refused. Could the men not take their own towels home to wash, she asked her boss, but he replied incredulously: 'How can you expect men to wash towels?'” (para 1-2). “What tipped her over the edge was not just...more

Countries: United States
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

“'Before this legislation, too often, when a pregnant worker needed a minor change in workplace duties or policies because of pregnancy, she was forced to take unpaid leave or be pushed out of work entirely—at a moment when she and her family could least afford it'" (para 6). Because of pregnancy, women are uniquely expected to care for children without working (ET - CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Bhutan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-DATA-1, DLB-DATA-1, CUST-LAW-1

"Also of concern is the burden on women as caretakers and unpaid workers in the home, which may hinder or entirely preclude professional development. In the case of divorce, Bhutanese law grants custody of children under nine years old to the mother, a statute that may further ingrain the stereotype of women as primary caregivers. A 2001 study found that, in rural areas, women were responsible for cooking, washing clothes, and preserving food for over 80 percent of households; urban regions presented an even starker figure, with more than 90 percent of households leaving cooking, cleaning, washing and food purchasing to women. These time-consuming tasks undeniably present a barrier to...more

Countries: China
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

" 'The Communist Party aggressively perpetuates traditional gender norms and reduces women to their roles as reproductive tools for the state, dutiful wives, mothers and baby breeders in the home,' Leta Hong Fincher, a Hong Kong-American writer, wrote in the Washington Post" (para 8). " 'The gender stereotypes or the historical traditional norms are still there today very much,' Valarie Tan, an analyst at the Mercator Institute for China Studies in Germany, told Al Jazeera. 'I would say even more so under Xi Jinping, the expectation is that women eventually have to get married, they have to take care of the children, grow old and take care of grandchildren,' Tan...more

Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"The Committee notes with appreciation the various initiatives aimed at promoting the economic empowerment of women. It is concerned, however, about: (c) The disproportionate burden of unpaid work carried by women, limiting their professional opportunities" (13).

Countries: Maldives
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"In addition to the social norms which shape girls’ educational focus and which direct the labour force engagement, unpaid care work in the home remains the key challenge to women’s full and robust labour force participation. Women spend on average six hours a day on unpaid care work in the home, as compared to men who spend 3 hours a day on average. Women’s overall monthly earnings are MVR 7,510 (approximately USD$487) as compared to MVR 11,977(approximately USD$776) for men. For many women in Male, and on the islands, day care is either unavailable or unaffordable. In a country where extended families living in a household is common, the lack...more

Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2

“Indeed, Bulgarian women still bear most of responsibility of care for family and dependents, limiting their time for labour market activities. Coincidentally, they are more likely to start a home-based business and to work part-time. Women often have more limited access to critical resources, support, and information needed to successfully start and manage a new business than men. Generally, they have more limited personal financial assets than men leading to a higher need for external funding to exploit a business opportunity all else equal. While access to financing at all stages of business development for women entrepreneurs is essential, women moving from micro businesses to small and medium-sized businesses face...more

Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"The Committee [on the Elimination of All Forms Discrimination against Women]…remains concerned about…[t]he concentration of women in the informal economy (64 per cent), often in exploitative conditions and without access to labour and social protection, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic" (10). "The Committee notes with concern…[t]he disproportionate share of unpaid domestic and care work carried by women" (13).

Countries: Austria
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"The Committee remains concerned at the persistence of discriminatory stereotypes concerning the responsibility of women for childcare, which ultimately reduces their career prospects in the labour market" (5). "The Committee notes that non-citizens applying for Austrian citizenship must have proof of a 'sufficiently secured livelihood' far above the indicative national rates of guaranteed minimum income, among other requirements. It is concerned that the threshold requirement has a structurally discriminatory effect on women, given that only their own income and legal claims to maintenance, child allowance and insurance benefits can be taken into consideration for that purpose, thereby not taking into consideration unpaid work performed by them, such as childcare, housework...more