Countries: Iraq
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"[A]rticle 34 of the Iraqi constitution... stipulates that primary education should be free and obligatory for all children" (para 11). "The fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 didn’t mean that existing laws changed overnight. This includes a penal code from 1969 that enables parents and teachers to 'discipline children'. The education ministry has stipulated that the veil should not be compulsory in schools. However, the 2005 Iraqi constitution states that Islam is the official state religion and should be the 'foundation source' of legislation" (para 13-14). The ability of parents and teachers to discipline children and the frequence with which they are required to wear veils may, through legal means,...more

Countries: Belize
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"In 2011, Belize revised the Education and Training Act. This is the main legislation governing operations of schools in Belize. The revised document reaffirms that no person shall be refused admission to any school because of religion, race, ethnicity, language or political affiliation and further states that schools should be free of gender bias (except non-coeducational schools)...It restated compulsory attendance for children aged 6–14 as well as fines for parents found in contravention of the law. Monitoring and enforcement efforts ensures that boys and girls attend school" (29-30).

Countries: D R Congo
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"Law No. 14/004 of 11 February 2014, on education, guarantees access to school education for all" (2).

Countries: Singapore
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"All Singaporean children have equal access to quality education. Under the Compulsory Education Act, all Singaporean children residing in Singapore between the ages of six and 15 must regularly attend a national primary school" (21).

Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"The Taliban have banned women from universities in Afghanistan, sparking international condemnation and despair among young people in the country...The ban further restricts women's education - girls have already been excluded from secondary schools since the Taliban returned last year…The United Nations and several countries have condemned the order, which takes Afghanistan back to the Taliban's first period of rule when girls could not receive formal education…Yet on Tuesday, the education ministry said its scholars had evaluated the university curriculum and environment, and attendance for girls would be suspended 'until a suitable environment' was provided. It added that it would soon provide such a setting and 'citizens should not be...more

Countries: Cote D'Ivoire
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"Law No. 2015-653 of 17 September 2015 on compulsory schooling for both girls and boys" (2). "The Committee notes the adoption of Law No. 2015-635 of 17 September 2015 on compulsory schooling, as well as the admission of women and girls to the Technical Military Preparatory School and to the National Gendarmerie since 2013 and 2014, respectively (CEDAW/C/CIV/4, para. 10). It further notes the establishment of six secondary schools for girls and the increased number of scholarships for girls studying in traditionally male-dominated areas, such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (CEDAW/C/CIV/Q/4/Add.1, para. 47). The Committee nevertheless notes with concern: (a) The disproportionately high levels of illiteracy among women and...more

Countries: Maldives
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"The above shift is due in large part to the Government’s education policy 'No Child Left Behind' which now guarantees 14 years of free education starting at age 4 (pre-primary), and increased efforts have been made to improve accessibility and inclusion for children living with disabilities. Since 2014, enrolment rates have been rigorously monitored, and consultations with teachers indicating that there is little difference between the NER and the net attendance." (19).

Countries: Iran
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"[T]he regime did heavily invest in female education, albeit not equitably. By 2001, women accounted for over 60 percent of admissions into Iranian universities." (para.16).

Countries: Egypt
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

""[T]he adoption of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Pre-University Education provide equal access to education for all residents of school age, particularly in poor areas" (9).

Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1, AFE-PRACTICE-2, AFE-LAW-1

“Above all, women are less likely than men to consider going into business for themselves, and those who do establish a company are more likely to fail than men (see Section 3.2). Currently, only 6 per cent of the overall population of Bulgarian women manage or own their own company. Women, even though they are more highly educated than men, believe that they do not possess the necessary skills to become an entrepreneur (70 per cent), compared with only 64 per cent of men who were interviewed. Women also tend to view entrepreneurship as an inappropriate role for women (34 per cent), contrasting with only 17 per cent of men...more

Countries: Bulgaria
Variables: DACH-LAW-1, ERBG-PRACTICE-2, ERBG-PRACTICE-3, ERBG-LAW-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-2, LBHO-LAW-1, DV-LAW-1, AFE-LAW-1, DTCP-LAW-1, CONST-LAW-1

“While the law provides women the same legal status and rights as men, women faced some discrimination in economic participation and political empowerment. The law provides for equal opportunities in all spheres of public, economic, and political life; equal access to public resources; equal treatment; exclusion of gender-based discrimination and violence; balanced representation of men and women in all decision-making bodies; and overcoming gender-based stereotypes” (p. 23).

Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"In recent weeks, a number of religious scholars with links to the Taliban have issued fatwas, or religious decrees supporting girls' right to learn" (Para.17). "Sheikh Rahimullah Haqqani is an Afghan cleric, based largely across the border in Peshawar, Pakistan...He's careful not to criticise the continued closure of schools but, speaking at his madrassa in Peshawar, with his mobile phone in hand, scrolls through the text of his 'fatwa', which shares decrees from earlier scholars and accounts from the life of the Prophet Muhammad. 'There is no justification in the sharia [law] to say female education is not allowed. No justification at all,' he tells the BBC. 'All the religious...more

Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"Girls have pretty much been unable to attend secondary school in Afghanistan since the Taliban took power nine months ago."(Para.1) "[C]leric Jalilullah Akhundzada, head of the Dar al-Uloom seminary in the western Afghan city of Herat, who issued a fatwa, or religious ruling, in support of girls' education in March. Akhunzada was not available to speak to NPR, but his son, known as Mualana Muhibullah, said his father's fatwa was an 'expression of truth and reality which needed to be told,'he said. 'Girls and women should have the right to educate and be educated, but by preserving the conditions needed for a Muslim girl,' he said, referring to strict gender...more

Countries: Afghanistan
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"Inside a small room in a house on Kabul's outskirts, about ten teenage girls are defying their Taliban rulers who have banned them from attending secondary school" (para 1). "It's been nearly a year since the Taliban seized power and stopped some 850,000 Afghan girls from attending secondary school, according to UNICEF figures. The regime had promised to allow girls to return on March 23. But it appears a minority of senior hardliners had a change of heart. Teenage girls arrived to their old classrooms only to be sent home again, many in tears" (para 4). "While some governments may let poor girls fall through the cracks of the school...more

Countries: Tanzania
Variables: AFE-LAW-1

"Since taking office, Ms. Hassan has set off on a different path than her predecessor: She encouraged Covid vaccinations by publicly taking the shot herself, lifted a ban on pregnant girls in schools and began to amend some Magufuli-era economic regulations to lure back investors." (4)