Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2

"The man, 31-year-old Jeon Joo-hwan, sent the victim unwanted text messages, then threatened her with videos he filmed with a hidden camera at their workplace restroom" (Para 2). "Women in recent years have demanded safety in public spaces and workplaces from threats like illegal filming, gender-based hate crime and sexual abuse" (Para 4).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1

"The man, 31-year-old Jeon Joo-hwan, sent the victim unwanted text messages, then threatened her with videos he filmed with a hidden camera at their workplace restroom" (Para 2). "Women in recent years have demanded safety in public spaces and workplaces from threats like illegal filming, gender-based hate crime and sexual abuse" (Para 4). Despite the victim reporting Jeon's repeated stalking, harassment, and illegal filming, the court denied an arrest warrant, allowing the threats to continue and ultimately resulting in her workplace murder. This case highlights how inadequate legal protections against stalking and workplace violence can deter women from pursuing certain jobs due to safety concerns (UST - CODERS COMMENT)more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: SMES-DATA-2

“Women who commit to 4B ‘just work hard, because they know they will not have a breadwinner man or husband,’ said Jeong, the scholar who wrote her doctoral thesis on troll feminism, adding that some take two or three jobs. Youngmi and her girlfriend live together about an hour by subway outside of downtown Seoul where rent is more affordable. Yeowon said her small studio apartment, the best option she can afford right now, is in an unsafe neighborhood near a market where drunken men often congregate after the local bars close. Her partner, who works in IT, recently moved apartments because her last one had cockroaches” (para 18). “Several...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1

“While scrolling through Twitter in 2018, Youngmi came across footage of protests taking place in the streets of Seoul. In South Korea, where cases of femicide, revenge porn, and dating violence are widespread, a surge in spy-cam sex crimes, overwhelmingly committed by men, had mostly resulted in fines and suspended jail sentences, if they were prosecuted at all. That was not the case, however, for one 25-year-old woman who had taken a nonconsensual photo of a nude male model at art school and posted it online; she was sentenced to ten months in prison and court-ordered sexual-violence counseling. The demonstrations were a reaction to the blatant hypocrisy” (para 3). “Soon,...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-4

“‘Practicing bihon means you’re eliminating the risks that come from heterosexual marriage or dating,’ Yeowon, a 26-year-old office worker, told me on a café terrace in the seaside southern city of Busan. We talked over coffee and pastries, along with Yeowon’s girlfriend and another of their friends, all of them wearing wide black pants and black sweaters and sporting cropped short haircuts” (para 8). “She went to Sungshin Women’s University, another all-women’s university, for undergrad. She doesn’t believe in labels for her own sexual orientation and has little interest in dating other women, but she does believe in political lesbianism as a way for women to establish lives separate from...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2

“The blowback and fear that 4B practitioners experience underscores their conviction that Korea is still a frightening place for women. Yeowon’s photo was posted on an Ilbe site after participating in a feminist protest, and she was harassed and sexually threatened online for weeks. Youngmi said men have tried to physically attack her on the street three or four times. She recalled an episode when she and some friends, who all had cropped haircuts, were dining at a Japanese restaurant in Daegu. Throughout the night, the restaurant owner and his friends made gagging and puking noises and gestures at them. When Minji and I met at a coffee shop near...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: GP-DATA-4

“South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol won the election in March 2022 with a message that blamed feminism for Korea’s low birth rate, and a promise to abolish the country’s Ministry of Gender Equality and Family” (para 15).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-1

“In December of that year, as Korea’s fertility rate hovered at 1.2 births per woman (it has since slid to 0.78, the lowest in the world), the Korean government launched an online ‘National Birth Map’ that showed the number of women of reproductive age in each municipality, illustrating just what it expected of its female citizens. (South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol won the election in March 2022 with a message that blamed feminism for Korea’s low birth rate, and a promise to abolish the country’s Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.)” (para 15).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: DV-DATA-1

“Youngmi’s mom left the home when Youngmi was young to escape her husband’s physical abuse, leaving her and her sister behind with him and their paternal grandmother. When she was 5, her 8-year-old sister started losing her hair from stress” (para 1) “A 2016 survey by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family found the incidence of intimate-partner violence at 41.5 percent, significantly higher than the global average of 30 percent” (para 7). “‘Practicing bihon means you’re eliminating the risks that come from heterosexual marriage or dating,’ Yeowon, a 26-year-old office worker, told me on a café terrace in the seaside southern city of Busan. We talked over coffee and...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1

“‘Practicing bihon means you’re eliminating the risks that come from heterosexual marriage or dating,’ Yeowon, a 26-year-old office worker, told me on a café terrace in the seaside southern city of Busan. We talked over coffee and pastries, along with Yeowon’s girlfriend and another of their friends, all of them wearing wide black pants and black sweaters and sporting cropped short haircuts. Those risks Yeowon alluded to might seem familiar — trading career for child-rearing and housework, as well as the threat of physical violence — but in Korea, Yeowon said, marriage presents an existential threat” (para 8). “There was a time when Minji, a 4B adherent in Daegu, had...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-3

“4B, or 'practicing bihon,' is the only path by which a Korean woman today can live autonomously. In their view, Korean men are essentially beyond redemption, and Korean culture, on the whole, is hopelessly patriarchal — often downright misogynistic” (para 7). In paragraph two it asserts that the family structure is patriarchal, this quote suggests that this patriarchal structure expands to society as a whole. (LK - coder comment).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ABO-PRACTICE-1

"In a similar case in 2021, the official said, the Supreme Court upheld a murder conviction for a doctor who performed an abortion procedure in 2019 to terminate a 34-week-old fetus who was obviously alive and crying" (para 4). "But it won’t happen any time soon, said a government official who declined to be named. In addition to administrative complexity regarding the approval process, politics will likely slow it further, given the sensitivity of the issue, the official added. When the issue came to light following the court ruling, many religious groups vehemently protested the decision and increased political pressure on the authorities, a major factor behind the Assembly’s inaction...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ABO-DATA-1

"An official at the Ministry of Health and Welfare said Monday it asked police three days ago to investigate a woman and her doctor over a YouTube video in which she claims to have received an abortion at 36 weeks. There is some speculation that it may have all been made up in order to gain attention and make money out of the clicks. However, there is also a possibility that it could be real. If it is, the two in question may face a murder charge, according to the official. In a similar case in 2021, the official said, the Supreme Court upheld a murder conviction for a doctor...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-LAW-2

"An anti-stalking law passed the congress in 2021, more than 20 years after the first such bill was proposed. New amendments to laws on sexual violence have criminalized filming or distributing videos and pictures of someone against their will" (Para 5). Despite the victim reporting Jeon's repeated stalking, harassment, and illegal filming, the court denied an arrest warrant, allowing the threats to continue and ultimately resulting in her workplace murder. This case highlights how inadequate legal protections against stalking and workplace violence can deter women from pursuing certain jobs due to safety concerns (UST - CODERS COMMENT)

Countries: South Korea
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2

"The man, 31-year-old Jeon Joo-hwan, sent the victim unwanted text messages, then threatened her with videos he filmed with a hidden camera at their workplace restroom" (Para 2). "Women in recent years have demanded safety in public spaces and workplaces from threats like illegal filming, gender-based hate crime and sexual abuse" (Para 4).