Countries: South Korea
Variables: GP-DATA-4

"With the government’s stance against gender equality, such as pushing to abolish the gender equality ministry, the response to the low birthrate will inevitably be a futile effort" (para 28).The fact that the government is attempting to abolish this ministry indicates that there is not high support for it (MB-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: GIC-LAW-3

"Labour rights groups have found that nearly half of workers are unable to use their legally guaranteed parental leave due to concerns over job security, particularly among vulnerable workers" (para 23). This implies that parents do have a legal right to parental leave, but the individual companies make taking this leave implausible (MB-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-LAW-1, ERBG-DATA-1

"The gender wage gap in Korea is still significant, and women face many more challenges in balancing work and family life" (para 5). "South Korea has some of the longest work hours in the developed world and is consistently ranked as one of the worst places for women to pursue equal opportunities in the workplace" (para 24).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1

"Critics of the measure, however, have said that the measures will hurt, not help, working mothers and other women. 'While men will work long hours and be exempt from care responsibilities and rights, women will have to do all the care work,' the Korean Women's Associations United said in a recent statement" (par. 5-6). "While the move has been welcomed by business interest groups, it has been criticised by the opposition and unions as neglecting workers' rights. 'It will make it legal to work from 9am to midnight for five days in a row. There is no regard for workers' health and rest,' the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions said...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1

"South Korea's government has proposed raising the nation's 52-hour weekly working hours cap to 69 hours in a bid to improve work-life balance" (par. 1). "The ministry said the labour reform proposal, first unveiled in December and officially announced on Monday, is part of efforts to bring more labour flexibility and improve work-life balance in a country where many women are forced to choose between their career and raising children" (par. 9).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: CL-LAW-1

"South Korea's government has proposed raising the nation's 52-hour weekly working hours cap to 69 hours in a bid to improve work-life balance. The labour minister said yesterday that increasing the cap by a third will give working mothers more choice and help them raise children amid growing concerns over the country's falling birth rates. The government says allowing workers to accrue more overtime hours in return for time off later will mean people who want to take longer breaks - such as parents or caregivers - will be able to do so" (par. 1-3). "'We'll introduce bold measures to help cut working hours during pregnancy or while raising children,'...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: SMES-DATA-2

“Women who commit to 4B ‘just work hard, because they know they will not have a breadwinner man or husband,’ said Jeong, the scholar who wrote her doctoral thesis on troll feminism, adding that some take two or three jobs. Youngmi and her girlfriend live together about an hour by subway outside of downtown Seoul where rent is more affordable. Yeowon said her small studio apartment, the best option she can afford right now, is in an unsafe neighborhood near a market where drunken men often congregate after the local bars close. Her partner, who works in IT, recently moved apartments because her last one had cockroaches” (para 18). “Several...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1

“While scrolling through Twitter in 2018, Youngmi came across footage of protests taking place in the streets of Seoul. In South Korea, where cases of femicide, revenge porn, and dating violence are widespread, a surge in spy-cam sex crimes, overwhelmingly committed by men, had mostly resulted in fines and suspended jail sentences, if they were prosecuted at all. That was not the case, however, for one 25-year-old woman who had taken a nonconsensual photo of a nude male model at art school and posted it online; she was sentenced to ten months in prison and court-ordered sexual-violence counseling. The demonstrations were a reaction to the blatant hypocrisy” (para 3). “Soon,...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-4

“‘Practicing bihon means you’re eliminating the risks that come from heterosexual marriage or dating,’ Yeowon, a 26-year-old office worker, told me on a café terrace in the seaside southern city of Busan. We talked over coffee and pastries, along with Yeowon’s girlfriend and another of their friends, all of them wearing wide black pants and black sweaters and sporting cropped short haircuts” (para 8). “She went to Sungshin Women’s University, another all-women’s university, for undergrad. She doesn’t believe in labels for her own sexual orientation and has little interest in dating other women, but she does believe in political lesbianism as a way for women to establish lives separate from...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1

“‘Practicing bihon means you’re eliminating the risks that come from heterosexual marriage or dating,’ Yeowon, a 26-year-old office worker, told me on a café terrace in the seaside southern city of Busan. We talked over coffee and pastries, along with Yeowon’s girlfriend and another of their friends, all of them wearing wide black pants and black sweaters and sporting cropped short haircuts. Those risks Yeowon alluded to might seem familiar — trading career for child-rearing and housework, as well as the threat of physical violence — but in Korea, Yeowon said, marriage presents an existential threat” (para 8). “There was a time when Minji, a 4B adherent in Daegu, had...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: GP-DATA-5

“A 2016 survey by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family found the incidence of intimate-partner violence at 41.5 percent, significantly higher than the global average of 30 percent” (para 7).

Countries: South Korea
Variables: GP-DATA-3

“A 2016 survey by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family found the incidence of intimate-partner violence at 41.5 percent, significantly higher than the global average of 30 percent. While 4B’s adherents may hope to change society — through demonstrations and online activism, and by modeling an alternative lifestyle to other women — they are not trying to change the men whom they view as their oppressors. It is too soon to tell whether this movement can survive and thrive over the long haul. But its ideas and actions have already affected the country’s online discourse, its politics, and most of all, individual women’s lives” (para 7).more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ERBG-DATA-1

“Korea has the largest gender pay gap in the rich world, with women earning 31 percent less than men, and women still face widespread discrimination in the labor market, something the movement recognizes. A widely circulated 2018 tweet encouraged 4B women to save the money they would have otherwise spent on ‘self-fashioning labor’ to sustain an independent life instead of winding up 'a penniless granny with a wardrobe full of clothes. 'Women who commit to 4B ‘just work hard, because they know they will not have a breadwinner man or husband,’ said Jeong, the scholar who wrote her doctoral thesis on troll feminism, adding that some take two or three...more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: PRN-PRACTICE-1, DTCP-PRACTICE-1

“While scrolling through Twitter in 2018, Youngmi came across footage of protests taking place in the streets of Seoul. In South Korea, where cases of femicide, revenge porn, and dating violence are widespread, a surge in spy-cam sex crimes, overwhelmingly committed by men, had mostly resulted in fines and suspended jail sentences, if they were prosecuted at all. That was not the case, however, for one 25-year-old woman who had taken a nonconsensual photo of a nude male model at art school and posted it online; she was sentenced to ten months in prison and court-ordered sexual-violence counseling. The demonstrations were a reaction to the blatant hypocrisy” (para 3).more

Countries: South Korea
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-3

“4B, or 'practicing bihon,' is the only path by which a Korean woman today can live autonomously. In their view, Korean men are essentially beyond redemption, and Korean culture, on the whole, is hopelessly patriarchal — often downright misogynistic” (para 7). In paragraph two it asserts that the family structure is patriarchal, this quote suggests that this patriarchal structure expands to society as a whole. (LK - coder comment).