Latest items for Papua New Guinea
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Massacres, gang rapes and sorcery-related attacks continue unabated, with belief in sanguma spreading with the use of social media" (para 44).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Massacres, gang rapes and sorcery-related attacks continue unabated, with belief in sanguma spreading with the use of social media" (para 44).
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Port Moresby, the PNG capital, is considered to be one of the most dangerous cities in the world, where 'raskol' crime gangs carry out violent robberies, carjackings and pack rapes" (para 45). "Peter Moses, one of the leaders of the 'Dirty Dons 585' raskol gang, stated that raping women was a 'must' for young members of the gang. Speaking to Vlad Sokhin, the award-winning documentary maker and photographer who chronicled witch burnings and PNG violence a decade ago, Moses boasted about raping women. Moses said: 'And it is better if a boy kills her afterwards; there will be less problems with the police'" (para 47-49). "This time it was in...more
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Port Moresby, the PNG capital, is considered to be one of the most dangerous cities in the world, where 'raskol' crime gangs carry out violent robberies, carjackings and pack rapes" (para 45). "Peter Moses, one of the leaders of the 'Dirty Dons 585' raskol gang, stated that raping women was a 'must' for young members of the gang. Speaking to Vlad Sokhin, the award-winning documentary maker and photographer who chronicled witch burnings and PNG violence a decade ago, Moses boasted about raping women. Moses said: 'And it is better if a boy kills her afterwards; there will be less problems with the police'" (para 47-49). "This time it was in...more
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: LRW-LAW-2
"PNG's prime minister at the time, Peter O'Neill, said violent crimes were becoming too frequent and 'the people of PNG want criminals punished severely and the death penalty would be an effective deterrent'. He said gang rapists would face life in prison with no chance of parole" (para 39-40).
Variables: LRW-LAW-2
"PNG's prime minister at the time, Peter O'Neill, said violent crimes were becoming too frequent and 'the people of PNG want criminals punished severely and the death penalty would be an effective deterrent'. He said gang rapists would face life in prison with no chance of parole" (para 39-40).
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1
"Peter Moses, one of the leaders of the 'Dirty Dons 585' raskol gang, stated that raping women was a 'must' for young members of the gang. Speaking to Vlad Sokhin, the award-winning documentary maker and photographer who chronicled witch burnings and PNG violence a decade ago, Moses boasted about raping women. Moses said: 'And it is better if a boy kills her afterwards; there will be less problems with the police'" (para 47-49).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1
"Peter Moses, one of the leaders of the 'Dirty Dons 585' raskol gang, stated that raping women was a 'must' for young members of the gang. Speaking to Vlad Sokhin, the award-winning documentary maker and photographer who chronicled witch burnings and PNG violence a decade ago, Moses boasted about raping women. Moses said: 'And it is better if a boy kills her afterwards; there will be less problems with the police'" (para 47-49).
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"When they came for her the second time, Angeline Kepari Leniata could not escape the mob determined to torture and burn her alive as a 'witch'. It was time for her to die: to pack her mouth with rags, blindfold her, bind her limbs and tie her to a pole and carry her to the place where they burn women accused of witchcraft: the Warakum Junction rubbish dump in south central Mount Hagen. Angeline had fled sorcery rumours in her remote village in Enga Province and sought sanctuary in Mount Hagen, in Papua New Guinea's Western Highlands, but the allegations she was a witch had followed her there" (para 1-3)....more
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"When they came for her the second time, Angeline Kepari Leniata could not escape the mob determined to torture and burn her alive as a 'witch'. It was time for her to die: to pack her mouth with rags, blindfold her, bind her limbs and tie her to a pole and carry her to the place where they burn women accused of witchcraft: the Warakum Junction rubbish dump in south central Mount Hagen. Angeline had fled sorcery rumours in her remote village in Enga Province and sought sanctuary in Mount Hagen, in Papua New Guinea's Western Highlands, but the allegations she was a witch had followed her there" (para 1-3)....more
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MURDER-DATA-2
"To this day, the UN estimates there are 200 killings of 'witches' in PNG annually. Before Angeline's savage murder in 2013, there had been at least two known 'witch burnings' at the Warakum dump since 2009. And in 2012, police arrested 29 people for killing and cannibalising the brains and genitals of seven people accused of sorcery. The following year, when a six-year-old boy died in Mt Hagen General Hospital, probably from rheumatic fever, his family decided Angeline was to blame. She was pronounced that most dreaded of PNG words: 'sanguma'. Sanguma, which translates as black magic or sorcery, means to some that a woman is inhabited by an invisible,...more
Variables: MURDER-DATA-2
"To this day, the UN estimates there are 200 killings of 'witches' in PNG annually. Before Angeline's savage murder in 2013, there had been at least two known 'witch burnings' at the Warakum dump since 2009. And in 2012, police arrested 29 people for killing and cannibalising the brains and genitals of seven people accused of sorcery. The following year, when a six-year-old boy died in Mt Hagen General Hospital, probably from rheumatic fever, his family decided Angeline was to blame. She was pronounced that most dreaded of PNG words: 'sanguma'. Sanguma, which translates as black magic or sorcery, means to some that a woman is inhabited by an invisible,...more
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MURDER-LAW-1
"Three months after Angeline Leniata's public burning, in May 2013, Papua New Guinea's parliament repealed the 1971 Sorcery Act. It had offered a reduced sentence to anyone who committed assault or murder if they sincerely believed their victim had been committing acts of sorcery. But the move, which allowed harsher penalties for Sorcery Accusation Related Violence (SARV), did not reduce witch burnings" (para 25-27). "But in 2022, PNG's prime minister James Marape, who is still in office, repealed the death penalty, and stated those on death row would instead serve sentences of life without parole" (para 76).
Variables: MURDER-LAW-1
"Three months after Angeline Leniata's public burning, in May 2013, Papua New Guinea's parliament repealed the 1971 Sorcery Act. It had offered a reduced sentence to anyone who committed assault or murder if they sincerely believed their victim had been committing acts of sorcery. But the move, which allowed harsher penalties for Sorcery Accusation Related Violence (SARV), did not reduce witch burnings" (para 25-27). "But in 2022, PNG's prime minister James Marape, who is still in office, repealed the death penalty, and stated those on death row would instead serve sentences of life without parole" (para 76).
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"But even in the 21st century, and in the nation's third-largest city to where Angeline had escaped, the belief in sorcery remained dangerously strong in a society with one foot still in the Stone Age. Despite a fast-growing economy due to its abundant natural resources of gold, copper and oil, in PNG's rugged mountainous areas, dark practices and a belief in spirits - and even vampires - continue. To this day, the UN estimates there are 200 killings of 'witches' in PNG annually. Before Angeline's savage murder in 2013, there had been at least two known 'witch burnings' at the Warakum dump since 2009" (para 5-8). "In 2021, the Australian...more
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"But even in the 21st century, and in the nation's third-largest city to where Angeline had escaped, the belief in sorcery remained dangerously strong in a society with one foot still in the Stone Age. Despite a fast-growing economy due to its abundant natural resources of gold, copper and oil, in PNG's rugged mountainous areas, dark practices and a belief in spirits - and even vampires - continue. To this day, the UN estimates there are 200 killings of 'witches' in PNG annually. Before Angeline's savage murder in 2013, there had been at least two known 'witch burnings' at the Warakum dump since 2009" (para 5-8). "In 2021, the Australian...more
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: INFIB-DATA-1
"Tribal fighting in PNG has become deadlier in recent years with the influx of guns. Traditional rules of conflict have eroded to include rape, mutilation and arson" (para 67).
Variables: INFIB-DATA-1
"Tribal fighting in PNG has become deadlier in recent years with the influx of guns. Traditional rules of conflict have eroded to include rape, mutilation and arson" (para 67).
Jan. 24, 2025, 8:26 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: DV-LAW-1
"The same year, Mr O'Neill publicly apologised to all women, and parliament passed a Family Protection Bill that, for the first time in PNG history, criminalised domestic violence" (para 42).
Variables: DV-LAW-1
"The same year, Mr O'Neill publicly apologised to all women, and parliament passed a Family Protection Bill that, for the first time in PNG history, criminalised domestic violence" (para 42).
Dec. 31, 2024, 4:46 p.m.
Countries: Belarus, Botswana, Burma/Myanmar, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kuwait, Libya, Montenegro, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Syria, Turkmenistan
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
10
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
10
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:55 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MARR-LAW-7
"It was previously thought that kuru led to a decrease or even a complete stop to intermarriages between the Fore and neighbouring communities because they linked the disease to sorcery. The new genetic analysis found no evidence either for less overall migration into areas where kuru was most severe, or a stop to the practice of patrilocality, where a bride moves to live closer to her husband’s family. 'On the contrary, we observed a significant bias toward females among migrants into high kuru incidence areas,' the authors wrote. The analysis showed the proportion of females among migrants was 25% higher in the 'high' incidence kuru areas compared to the 'zero/low'...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-7
"It was previously thought that kuru led to a decrease or even a complete stop to intermarriages between the Fore and neighbouring communities because they linked the disease to sorcery. The new genetic analysis found no evidence either for less overall migration into areas where kuru was most severe, or a stop to the practice of patrilocality, where a bride moves to live closer to her husband’s family. 'On the contrary, we observed a significant bias toward females among migrants into high kuru incidence areas,' the authors wrote. The analysis showed the proportion of females among migrants was 25% higher in the 'high' incidence kuru areas compared to the 'zero/low'...more
Dec. 13, 2024, 10:55 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: ADDL-DATA-1
"In the middle of the 20th century the Eastern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea was gripped by a mysterious disease which left entire villages without adult women. The Fore people at the centre of the outbreak called it kuru – the word for shivering – as people lost control of their limbs and bodily functions before a tremor set in preceding death. The tribe had been relatively isolated from the rest of the world until the 1930s, but by the height of the epidemic in the 1950s it had attracted the attention of researchers from around the world trying to understand the disease, which had eluded explanation. After ruling...more
Variables: ADDL-DATA-1
"In the middle of the 20th century the Eastern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea was gripped by a mysterious disease which left entire villages without adult women. The Fore people at the centre of the outbreak called it kuru – the word for shivering – as people lost control of their limbs and bodily functions before a tremor set in preceding death. The tribe had been relatively isolated from the rest of the world until the 1930s, but by the height of the epidemic in the 1950s it had attracted the attention of researchers from around the world trying to understand the disease, which had eluded explanation. After ruling...more
Aug. 10, 2024, 2:57 a.m.
Countries: Bangladesh, Chad, Gambia, India, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Mali, Mauritania, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Togo
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
14.0
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
14.0
July 23, 2024, 3:01 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: IRP-LAW-6
"Is there mandatory HIV/STI testing? No" (para 4).
Variables: IRP-LAW-6
"Is there mandatory HIV/STI testing? No" (para 4).
July 23, 2024, 3:01 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex indoors is illegal, there is a criminal offence for keeping any indoor premises of any kind for 'purposes of prostitution'. Soliciting in public not specifically criminalised. There are laws against living on the earnings of 'prostitution' that apply to sex workers themselves and their own earnings so effectively all sex work is criminalised" (para 1). "Is buying sex criminalised? No" (para 2). "Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, brothel-keeping and living on the earnings criminalised" (para 3).
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex indoors is illegal, there is a criminal offence for keeping any indoor premises of any kind for 'purposes of prostitution'. Soliciting in public not specifically criminalised. There are laws against living on the earnings of 'prostitution' that apply to sex workers themselves and their own earnings so effectively all sex work is criminalised" (para 1). "Is buying sex criminalised? No" (para 2). "Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, brothel-keeping and living on the earnings criminalised" (para 3).
April 7, 2024, 7:35 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: IAW-LAW-1, IAD-LAW-1
"(1) Subject to this section and to Sections 82 and 83, where a person dies intestate– (a) if the intestate leaves a widow or widower–she or he is entitled, if the intestate leaves issue, to one-third or, if the intestate leaves no issue, to one-half of the estate; and (b) if the intestate leaves a father and a mother but no widow or widower or issue–the estate shall be distributed equally between the father and the mother, and in the case of the latter for her own use; and (c) if the intestate leaves a widow or widower a father and a mother but no issue–one-half of the estate shall...more
Variables: IAW-LAW-1, IAD-LAW-1
"(1) Subject to this section and to Sections 82 and 83, where a person dies intestate– (a) if the intestate leaves a widow or widower–she or he is entitled, if the intestate leaves issue, to one-third or, if the intestate leaves no issue, to one-half of the estate; and (b) if the intestate leaves a father and a mother but no widow or widower or issue–the estate shall be distributed equally between the father and the mother, and in the case of the latter for her own use; and (c) if the intestate leaves a widow or widower a father and a mother but no issue–one-half of the estate shall...more
March 31, 2024, 3:14 p.m.
Countries: Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Chad, China, Cuba, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Iran, Libya, Nicaragua, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Somalia, South Sudan, Turkmenistan, Venezuela, Yemen
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
4.0
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
4.0
March 30, 2024, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Papua New Guinea ranks as a Tier 3 country (85).
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Papua New Guinea ranks as a Tier 3 country (85).
Feb. 2, 2024, 6:33 a.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to 2022 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15-49) in Papa New Guinea who have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime is 51 percent (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to 2022 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15-49) in Papa New Guinea who have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime is 51 percent (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:24 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Laos, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
3
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
3
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
192
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
192
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:03 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bolivia, Botswana, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
2
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
2
Jan. 21, 2024, 11:10 a.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Papua New Guinea was 192 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Papua New Guinea was 192 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 20, 2024, 1:37 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Papua New Guinea is 46.4% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Papua New Guinea is 46.4% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 7, 2024, 3:30 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Papua New Guinea is 68 years for women and 63 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Papua New Guinea is 68 years for women and 63 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Dec. 28, 2023, 2:18 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Papua New Guinea is 63.4 years for men and 67.4 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Papua New Guinea is 63.4 years for men and 67.4 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Dec. 13, 2023, 11:47 p.m.
Countries: Papua New Guinea
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Laws criminalizing sex work are rarely enforced through prosecutions before a court of law. However, according to sex workers and sex worker advocates that we spoke with, police officers use these criminal laws to abuse their authority by arbitrarily detaining people or using the threat of prosecution to extort money and sexual services from sex workers" (para 6). "The police also use the criminalization of sex workers to justify subjecting them to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, in some cases amounting to torture. This includes rape and sexual abuse while in custody. We heard reports of sex workers being forced to chew and swallow condoms" (para 7).more
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Laws criminalizing sex work are rarely enforced through prosecutions before a court of law. However, according to sex workers and sex worker advocates that we spoke with, police officers use these criminal laws to abuse their authority by arbitrarily detaining people or using the threat of prosecution to extort money and sexual services from sex workers" (para 6). "The police also use the criminalization of sex workers to justify subjecting them to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, in some cases amounting to torture. This includes rape and sexual abuse while in custody. We heard reports of sex workers being forced to chew and swallow condoms" (para 7).more