Countries: North Korea
Variables: TRAFF-PRACTICE-1, TRAFF-PRACTICE-2, MARR-PRACTICE-1

"When women and girls want to leave North Korea, the violence they face ranges from forced marriage to forced prostitution, she [Elizabeth Salmon, United Nations special rapporteur on the human rights situation in North Korea] said" (para 5).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1

"She [Elizabeth Salmon, United Nations special rapporteur on the human rights situation in North Korea] said that the COVID-19 measures were feared to have 'a disproportionate impact on women and girls” there. 'Women must also be under further pressures during the pandemic as market activities, which the women relied on for their living, were greatly reduced due to border closures,' she said.With no alternative source of income, they are still required to feed their family, look after sick family members, while also providing contributions to the state' (para 13-15).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1, CL-PRACTICE-2, DLB-DATA-1

"'With no alternative source of income, they [women] are still required to feed their family, look after sick family members, while also providing contributions to the state'" (para 15).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-LAW-1

"Is selling sex criminalised? Engaging in 'prostitution' is illegal under Article 261 of the Criminal Law" (para 1). "Is buying sex criminalised? Buying sex is also illegal - penalties of up to two years hard labour" (para 2). "Is organising/managing criminalised? Organising prostitution' is illegal and could result in death penalty" (para 3).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-LAW-6

"Is there mandatory HIV/STI testing? Unsure" (para 4).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: LO-LAW-1

"The rules of matrimonial property relationships are not stipulated in the family law. Article 7 in ‘Detailed Rules of the Act of Equal Rights for Men and Women (1946)’ specified the common property system, providing that “A husband or a wife owns his or her property which is obtained before marriage. The property gained during the marriage belongs to co-ownership of husband and wife.” In the family law since then, however, the rules of the matrimonial property system have not been stipulated; instead, the home property system was established in the private property system of the Civil Law, which deals with ownership and management of matrimonial property as a part...more

Countries: North Korea
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1

According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ranks as a Tier 3 country (85).

Countries: Dominican Republic, North Korea
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1

107

Countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2

1more

Countries: North Korea
Variables: MMR-DATA-1

According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was 107 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: DACH-DATA-1

According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is 76 years for women and 71 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5

"The government did not report any law enforcement efforts" (para 13). "Fair trials did not occur in the DPRK, and the government did not explain what provisions of law, if any, it used to prosecute trafficking crimes, if it did so. The government did not provide law enforcement data; there were no known investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of traffickers, including government employees complicit in forced labor or other trafficking crimes" (para 13). "Authorities penalized victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit" (para 14). If women were trafficked in North Korea and forced to become prostitutes, they would be penalized even though they are victims of trafficking. (MCP -...more

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-LAW-2

"The government did not report any efforts to prevent trafficking. Government oppression in the DPRK prompted North Koreans to flee the country in ways that heightened their risk of trafficking in destination countries. The government made no efforts to raise awareness of human trafficking. The government did not make efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts, nor did it provide anti-trafficking training to its diplomatic personnel" (para 15).

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5

"Lee So-yeon, a North Korean military musician who escaped the country in 2008, explained that, 'it might seem like a fancy show on the outside. However, they also have to go to parties and provide sexual services, that sort of pain also follows. They go to the central Politburo party’s events, and have to sleep with the people there, even if they don’t want it'" (para 6). If the women of North Korea are expected to sexually service political figures, then any crackdown on prostitution in North Korea probably does not apply to elite classes (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "One defector describes teenagers being pulled out of school to serve...more

Countries: North Korea
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5

"In practice, prostitution is a crime that is even punishable by public execution, mostly by firing squad. For example, in July 2020, the state executed six people including four party officials for operating a prostitution ring that involved female college students and senior officials in Pyongyang. Following a crackdown in August 2020, more than 50 female students from two prominent Pyongyang performing art colleges, who were reportedly driven into prostitution by poverty brought on by the endless demands for school fees, were sent to a labor camp for three to six months for their alleged involvement in a prostitution network that catered to Pyongyang’s elites" (para 5). "In March 2022,...more