Latest items for Niger
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In a cramped thatched hut in a side street of Niamey, the capital of Niger, a lively debate has erupted among a dozen or so women. They are responding to a question posed by 17-year-old Chamisa Issoufou: 'Why are children getting married?'" (para 1). This shows that a group of women are openly gathering with an activist to debate over women's issues (MB-CODER COMMENT). "Today Chamisa meets groups of mothers every week, hoping to persuade them not to marry off their young daughters. She is driven to the gatherings in a battered old Toyota by employees of Agir Plus, a charity that helps girls who have escaped forced marriages and...more
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In a cramped thatched hut in a side street of Niamey, the capital of Niger, a lively debate has erupted among a dozen or so women. They are responding to a question posed by 17-year-old Chamisa Issoufou: 'Why are children getting married?'" (para 1). This shows that a group of women are openly gathering with an activist to debate over women's issues (MB-CODER COMMENT). "Today Chamisa meets groups of mothers every week, hoping to persuade them not to marry off their young daughters. She is driven to the gatherings in a battered old Toyota by employees of Agir Plus, a charity that helps girls who have escaped forced marriages and...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"She [Chamisa, a girl who was married at 14, but now works to stop child marriage in Niger] is driven to the gatherings in a battered old Toyota by employees of Agir Plus, a charity that helps girls who have escaped forced marriages and gives them vocational training" (para 9). "Alongside 300 other girls at Agir Plus’s centre in Niamey, she is receiving schooling and vocational training" (para 20).
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"She [Chamisa, a girl who was married at 14, but now works to stop child marriage in Niger] is driven to the gatherings in a battered old Toyota by employees of Agir Plus, a charity that helps girls who have escaped forced marriages and gives them vocational training" (para 9). "Alongside 300 other girls at Agir Plus’s centre in Niamey, she is receiving schooling and vocational training" (para 20).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MULV-PRACTICE-1
"One woman answers that 'these days girls are lazy' and running a household gives them purpose" (para 2). Indicates that at least some women find that running a household gives them purpose/sense of fulfillment (MB-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MULV-PRACTICE-1
"One woman answers that 'these days girls are lazy' and running a household gives them purpose" (para 2). Indicates that at least some women find that running a household gives them purpose/sense of fulfillment (MB-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
"At the Dimol clinic on the edge of Niamey, where half-built concrete suburbs give way to arid desert, the consequences of early marriage are plain. Most of the patients are girls with obstetric fistula — a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder, usually caused by complicated labour, which leaves them incontinent. 'The reason is child marriage, because when the girls are married at an early age, they get pregnant when their bodies are not ready,' says Salamatou Traoré, the clinic’s director. 'That means they develop complications easily and often they live in rural areas, far from health centres, so they do not receive any medical assistance, which makes...more
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
"At the Dimol clinic on the edge of Niamey, where half-built concrete suburbs give way to arid desert, the consequences of early marriage are plain. Most of the patients are girls with obstetric fistula — a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder, usually caused by complicated labour, which leaves them incontinent. 'The reason is child marriage, because when the girls are married at an early age, they get pregnant when their bodies are not ready,' says Salamatou Traoré, the clinic’s director. 'That means they develop complications easily and often they live in rural areas, far from health centres, so they do not receive any medical assistance, which makes...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-5
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices" (para 2). "When a family gives a girl in marriage, they receive a bride price they can use to support themselves and it means they have one less mouth to feed" (para 15).
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-5
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices" (para 2). "When a family gives a girl in marriage, they receive a bride price they can use to support themselves and it means they have one less mouth to feed" (para 15).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MARR-LAW-4
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices" (para 2). The abundance of this practice indicates that child marriage is not illegal (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "When a family gives a girl in marriage, they receive a bride price they can use to support themselves and it means they have one less mouth to feed" (para 15). The abundance of this practice indicates that child marriage is not illegal (MB2-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MARR-LAW-4
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices" (para 2). The abundance of this practice indicates that child marriage is not illegal (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "When a family gives a girl in marriage, they receive a bride price they can use to support themselves and it means they have one less mouth to feed" (para 15). The abundance of this practice indicates that child marriage is not illegal (MB2-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-1
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5). As child marriage is marriage without consent, that means three-fourths of girls in Niger are married against their will (MB2-CODER COMMENT). "'I came back from school one day and my parents told me a rich man had come from the village to marry me,' she says. 'I said I wanted to stay in school, but my parents refused.' The marriage took place one week later, without her knowledge. The next day she was sent to live with her husband’s family, who put her to work doing domestic...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: DSFMF-PRACTICE-4
"Another reason [for child marriage] is the tradition of a highly conservative society where a girl’s value is linked to her virginity" (para 14).
Variables: DSFMF-PRACTICE-4
"Another reason [for child marriage] is the tradition of a highly conservative society where a girl’s value is linked to her virginity" (para 14).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1, CRPLB-PRACTICE-1
"Most of the patients are girls with obstetric fistula — a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder, usually caused by complicated labour, which leaves them incontinent. 'The reason is child marriage, because when the girls are married at an early age, they get pregnant when their bodies are not ready,' says Salamatou Traoré, the clinic’s director. 'That means they develop complications easily and often they live in rural areas, far from health centres, so they do not receive any medical assistance, which makes things worse'" (para 17-18).
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1, CRPLB-PRACTICE-1
"Most of the patients are girls with obstetric fistula — a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder, usually caused by complicated labour, which leaves them incontinent. 'The reason is child marriage, because when the girls are married at an early age, they get pregnant when their bodies are not ready,' says Salamatou Traoré, the clinic’s director. 'That means they develop complications easily and often they live in rural areas, far from health centres, so they do not receive any medical assistance, which makes things worse'" (para 17-18).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: AOM-PRACTICE-1
"One woman answers that 'these days girls are lazy' and running a household gives them purpose. 'I will give my girl to marriage when she is 12 years old,' she says. Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices. Most are concerned that their daughters will meet boys who will get them into trouble. Several mention drugs. These are fears Chamisa has heard before. Addressing each in turn, she explains the benefits of educating girls and the risks of getting pregnant at a young age" (para 2-3). "Others [mothers of young girls who are being encouraged to wait to marry...more
Variables: AOM-PRACTICE-1
"One woman answers that 'these days girls are lazy' and running a household gives them purpose. 'I will give my girl to marriage when she is 12 years old,' she says. Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices. Most are concerned that their daughters will meet boys who will get them into trouble. Several mention drugs. These are fears Chamisa has heard before. Addressing each in turn, she explains the benefits of educating girls and the risks of getting pregnant at a young age" (para 2-3). "Others [mothers of young girls who are being encouraged to wait to marry...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: AOM-LAW-1
"She [Chamisa, who was married off by her parents at the age of 14] was taken in by a sympathetic aunt, who pointed out to Chamisa’s parents that the legal marriage age is 15" (para 8).
Variables: AOM-LAW-1
"She [Chamisa, who was married off by her parents at the age of 14] was taken in by a sympathetic aunt, who pointed out to Chamisa’s parents that the legal marriage age is 15" (para 8).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: AOM-DATA-2
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5).
Variables: AOM-DATA-2
"Three out of four girls in Niger marry before their 18th birthday, the highest rate of child marriage in the world" (para 5).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:25 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices. Most are concerned that their daughters will meet boys who will get them into trouble. Several mention drugs" (para 2-3). "'But it is too hard to afford school and to feed them.' The average person in Niger earns less than £430 a year, making it one of the world’s poorest countries. Poverty is the main reason Niger tops the charts for child marriage, says Abdou Mato, the head of Agir Plus" (para 13-14).
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Another woman says that sending a young girl to school is expensive, whereas suitors pay substantial bride prices. Most are concerned that their daughters will meet boys who will get them into trouble. Several mention drugs" (para 2-3). "'But it is too hard to afford school and to feed them.' The average person in Niger earns less than £430 a year, making it one of the world’s poorest countries. Poverty is the main reason Niger tops the charts for child marriage, says Abdou Mato, the head of Agir Plus" (para 13-14).
Dec. 31, 2024, 4:46 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Central African Rep, Chile, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, East Timor, Ethiopia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
15
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
15
Dec. 4, 2024, 4:38 p.m.
Countries: Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Sierra Leone
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Illegal under civil law, allowed under customary law" (para 18).
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Illegal under civil law, allowed under customary law" (para 18).
Aug. 10, 2024, 2:57 a.m.
Countries: Benin, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Cote D'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Niger, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Syria, Tanzania, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
13.0
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
13.0
July 3, 2024, 2:45 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Prostitution is illegal but remains prevalent in big cities and near major mining and military sites. UNAIDS estimates there are 46,630 sex workers in the country. Some sources say poverty, forced marriages, rising insecurity, and climate change continue to push many girls into prostitution, sometimes with the complicity of their families and marabouts (witchdoctors)" (para 24).
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Prostitution is illegal but remains prevalent in big cities and near major mining and military sites. UNAIDS estimates there are 46,630 sex workers in the country. Some sources say poverty, forced marriages, rising insecurity, and climate change continue to push many girls into prostitution, sometimes with the complicity of their families and marabouts (witchdoctors)" (para 24).
June 6, 2024, 3:38 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal but soliciting in a public place is illegal. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, aiding and assisting the 'prostitution' of another is illegal, as is living on the earnings/living with a person in 'prostitution', acting as an intermediary, hiring, training or maintaining a person involved in 'prostitution'. Brothel-keeping and knowingly allowing sex workers to solicit inside any premises (e.g. hotel, bar etc.) also criminalised.
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal but soliciting in a public place is illegal. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, aiding and assisting the 'prostitution' of another is illegal, as is living on the earnings/living with a person in 'prostitution', acting as an intermediary, hiring, training or maintaining a person involved in 'prostitution'. Brothel-keeping and knowingly allowing sex workers to solicit inside any premises (e.g. hotel, bar etc.) also criminalised.
May 23, 2024, 10:24 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"Order No. 2010-86 on Combating Trafficking in Persons, enacted in 2010, criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking. The law prescribed penalties of five to 10 years’ imprisonment for trafficking offenses involving an adult victim, and 10 to 30 years’ imprisonment for those involving a child victim. These penalties were sufficiently stringent. Penalties for sex trafficking of children were commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape, although the penalties for sex trafficking of adults were not. Article 270 of the penal code also criminalized slavery and prescribed penalties of 10 to 30 years’ imprisonment and a fine. The government drafted a bill criminalizing the practice of wahaya,...more
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"Order No. 2010-86 on Combating Trafficking in Persons, enacted in 2010, criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking. The law prescribed penalties of five to 10 years’ imprisonment for trafficking offenses involving an adult victim, and 10 to 30 years’ imprisonment for those involving a child victim. These penalties were sufficiently stringent. Penalties for sex trafficking of children were commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape, although the penalties for sex trafficking of adults were not. Article 270 of the penal code also criminalized slavery and prescribed penalties of 10 to 30 years’ imprisonment and a fine. The government drafted a bill criminalizing the practice of wahaya,...more
May 9, 2024, 12:31 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: IRP-LAW-2
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal but soliciting in a public place is illegal. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, aiding and assisting the 'prostitution' of another is illegal, as is living on the earnings/living with a person in 'prostitution', acting as an intermediary, hiring, training or maintaining a person involved in 'prostitution'. Brothel-keeping and knowingly allowing sex workers to solicit inside any premises (e.g. hotel, bar etc.) also criminalised.
Variables: IRP-LAW-2
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal but soliciting in a public place is illegal. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes, aiding and assisting the 'prostitution' of another is illegal, as is living on the earnings/living with a person in 'prostitution', acting as an intermediary, hiring, training or maintaining a person involved in 'prostitution'. Brothel-keeping and knowingly allowing sex workers to solicit inside any premises (e.g. hotel, bar etc.) also criminalised.
April 28, 2024, 10:40 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: DV-DATA-1
This 2022 study collected data from a representative sample of 1010 married adolescent girls (aged 13–19 years) and their husbands in 48 rural villages of the Dosso region of Niger. 8% of women in this sample reported IPV. The study states that Niger has the highest rate of early marriage in the world, with the average age at first marriage for women being 15.7 years old and the majority of girls (75%) married by the age of 18. This means that although this lifetime experience sample size is limited to one region, given what we know about the prevalence of child marriage in Niger, we can assume this percentage is...more
Variables: DV-DATA-1
This 2022 study collected data from a representative sample of 1010 married adolescent girls (aged 13–19 years) and their husbands in 48 rural villages of the Dosso region of Niger. 8% of women in this sample reported IPV. The study states that Niger has the highest rate of early marriage in the world, with the average age at first marriage for women being 15.7 years old and the majority of girls (75%) married by the age of 18. This means that although this lifetime experience sample size is limited to one region, given what we know about the prevalence of child marriage in Niger, we can assume this percentage is...more
March 31, 2024, 3:14 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, D R Congo, East Timor, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
March 30, 2024, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Niger ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Niger ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:24 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Togo, Zimbabwe
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
4
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
4
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
441
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
441
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Cote D'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, Iceland, India, Liberia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Togo
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
2
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
2
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:03 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bolivia, Botswana, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
2
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
2
Jan. 21, 2024, 11:10 a.m.
Countries: Niger
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Niger was 441 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Niger was 441 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).