Latest items for Mexico
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:26 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2021, more than 40 percent of women over 15 had experienced some form of violence in their childhood, according to Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI)" (para 5).
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"In 2021, more than 40 percent of women over 15 had experienced some form of violence in their childhood, according to Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI)" (para 5).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:26 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"By midday on March 8, 2024, small groups of women dressed in lilac, wearing purple bandanas tied around their wrists, hair and necks, started to congregate in Mexico City. Soon they comprised an 180,000-strong crowd, marching and chanting together on International Women’s Day. The chants were amplified by megaphones or voices directed upward, faces turned to the sky. With arms in the air, they yelled about their strength in numbers, the lack of police protection and their intent to fight for their rights" (para 1-2).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"By midday on March 8, 2024, small groups of women dressed in lilac, wearing purple bandanas tied around their wrists, hair and necks, started to congregate in Mexico City. Soon they comprised an 180,000-strong crowd, marching and chanting together on International Women’s Day. The chants were amplified by megaphones or voices directed upward, faces turned to the sky. With arms in the air, they yelled about their strength in numbers, the lack of police protection and their intent to fight for their rights" (para 1-2).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:26 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"Impunity for homicide is around 94 percent, confirmed a study by the think-tank Mexico Evalua in 2021" (para 12).
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"Impunity for homicide is around 94 percent, confirmed a study by the think-tank Mexico Evalua in 2021" (para 12).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:26 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Nearly 10 women were killed every day in Mexico in 2023: there were more than 2,500 female victims of homicide and over 800 femicides, according to the Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection" (para 5).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"Nearly 10 women were killed every day in Mexico in 2023: there were more than 2,500 female victims of homicide and over 800 femicides, according to the Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection" (para 5).
Dec. 13, 2024, 3:26 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Women have to be wary of police in Mexico; a government study released in 2022 found that the majority of women who are detained by the police have been abused, a third of them sexually" (para 12).
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Women have to be wary of police in Mexico; a government study released in 2022 found that the majority of women who are detained by the police have been abused, a third of them sexually" (para 12).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:45 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"Mexico will almost certainly have its first female president in 2024, after the governing Morena party and the opposition coalition both chose women as their candidates. Former Mexico City mayor Claudia Sheinbaum was named Morena’s candidate on Wednesday, despite runner-up Marcelo Ebrard’s last-minute denouncement of the process and demand for it to be redone" (para 1-2). "With the two candidacies confirmed, it now seems all but certain that Mexico’s next president will be a woman for the first time in its history, withSheinbaum remaining the favourite to win, despite Gálvez’s popularity" (para 14). "As the candidate of Mexico’s traditional parties, Gálvez is vulnerable to the charge that she is backed...more
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"Mexico will almost certainly have its first female president in 2024, after the governing Morena party and the opposition coalition both chose women as their candidates. Former Mexico City mayor Claudia Sheinbaum was named Morena’s candidate on Wednesday, despite runner-up Marcelo Ebrard’s last-minute denouncement of the process and demand for it to be redone" (para 1-2). "With the two candidacies confirmed, it now seems all but certain that Mexico’s next president will be a woman for the first time in its history, withSheinbaum remaining the favourite to win, despite Gálvez’s popularity" (para 14). "As the candidate of Mexico’s traditional parties, Gálvez is vulnerable to the charge that she is backed...more
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-2
"She was waiting to get an order, when a fellow repartidor pulled up alongside and threw chlorine at her. 'I felt it burning against my clothes,' Augustin says. It narrowly missed touching her skin directly. Augustin, 23, has no doubts why this violent attack happened – it was another example of the misogynistic aggression that female delivery drivers, especially non-Mexicans, face every day from colleagues, customers and the restaurant staff from whom they collect the food" (para 2-3). "She rarely responds and did not consider reporting her attacker because she believed nothing would be done" (para 5).
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-2
"She was waiting to get an order, when a fellow repartidor pulled up alongside and threw chlorine at her. 'I felt it burning against my clothes,' Augustin says. It narrowly missed touching her skin directly. Augustin, 23, has no doubts why this violent attack happened – it was another example of the misogynistic aggression that female delivery drivers, especially non-Mexicans, face every day from colleagues, customers and the restaurant staff from whom they collect the food" (para 2-3). "She rarely responds and did not consider reporting her attacker because she believed nothing would be done" (para 5).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
"She was waiting to get an order, when a fellow repartidor pulled up alongside and threw chlorine at her. 'I felt it burning against my clothes,' Augustin says. It narrowly missed touching her skin directly. Augustin, 23, has no doubts why this violent attack happened – it was another example of the misogynistic aggression that female delivery drivers, especially non-Mexicans, face every day from colleagues, customers and the restaurant staff from whom they collect the food. The man is part of a group of fellow drivers who often heckle her and other women with the claims that they get more work, and tips, than them. 'Its not true. I wake...more
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
"She was waiting to get an order, when a fellow repartidor pulled up alongside and threw chlorine at her. 'I felt it burning against my clothes,' Augustin says. It narrowly missed touching her skin directly. Augustin, 23, has no doubts why this violent attack happened – it was another example of the misogynistic aggression that female delivery drivers, especially non-Mexicans, face every day from colleagues, customers and the restaurant staff from whom they collect the food. The man is part of a group of fellow drivers who often heckle her and other women with the claims that they get more work, and tips, than them. 'Its not true. I wake...more
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Other drivers are known to have been asked for sexual favours by the police to resolve alleged traffic infractions. So it is no wonder so few are prepared to make official complaints to the authorities. 'There is no culture of reporting to the police here in Mexico, because we know that the justice system doesn’t work' says Sergio Guerrero, Unta’s general secretary" (para 10).
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"Other drivers are known to have been asked for sexual favours by the police to resolve alleged traffic infractions. So it is no wonder so few are prepared to make official complaints to the authorities. 'There is no culture of reporting to the police here in Mexico, because we know that the justice system doesn’t work' says Sergio Guerrero, Unta’s general secretary" (para 10).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"In the southern state of Guerrero, Marina Reyna, director of the Guerrero Association Against Violence toward Women, cautioned that challenges would persist" (para 29).
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"In the southern state of Guerrero, Marina Reyna, director of the Guerrero Association Against Violence toward Women, cautioned that challenges would persist" (para 29).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: LBHO-DATA-1
"Sen. Olga Sánchez Cordero, a former Supreme Court justice, applauded the ruling, saying on X that it represented an advance toward 'a more just society in which the rights of all are respected'" (para 7).
Variables: LBHO-DATA-1
"Sen. Olga Sánchez Cordero, a former Supreme Court justice, applauded the ruling, saying on X that it represented an advance toward 'a more just society in which the rights of all are respected'" (para 7).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ABO-PRACTICE-1
"Across Latin America, countries have made moves to lift abortion restrictions in recent years, a trend often referred to as a 'green wave,' in reference to the green bandanas carried by women protesting for abortion rights in the region" (para 20). "In the southern state of Guerrero, Marina Reyna, director of the Guerrero Association Against Violence toward Women, cautioned that challenges would persist. Her state decriminalized abortion last year, but there are 22 open investigations against women accused of ending their pregnancies. 'There is still a lot of resistance,' she said" (para 29-30).
Variables: ABO-PRACTICE-1
"Across Latin America, countries have made moves to lift abortion restrictions in recent years, a trend often referred to as a 'green wave,' in reference to the green bandanas carried by women protesting for abortion rights in the region" (para 20). "In the southern state of Guerrero, Marina Reyna, director of the Guerrero Association Against Violence toward Women, cautioned that challenges would persist. Her state decriminalized abortion last year, but there are 22 open investigations against women accused of ending their pregnancies. 'There is still a lot of resistance,' she said" (para 29-30).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:36 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court threw out all federal criminal penalties for abortion Wednesday, ruling that national laws prohibiting the procedure are unconstitutional and violate women’s rights in a sweeping decision that extended Latin American’s trend of widening abortion access. The high court ordered that abortion be removed from the federal penal code. The ruling will require the federal public health service and all federal health institutions to offer abortion to anyone who requests it. 'No woman or pregnant person, nor any health worker, will be able to be punished for abortion,' the Information Group for Chosen Reproduction, known by its Spanish initials GIRE, said in a statement. Some 20 Mexican states,...more
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court threw out all federal criminal penalties for abortion Wednesday, ruling that national laws prohibiting the procedure are unconstitutional and violate women’s rights in a sweeping decision that extended Latin American’s trend of widening abortion access. The high court ordered that abortion be removed from the federal penal code. The ruling will require the federal public health service and all federal health institutions to offer abortion to anyone who requests it. 'No woman or pregnant person, nor any health worker, will be able to be punished for abortion,' the Information Group for Chosen Reproduction, known by its Spanish initials GIRE, said in a statement. Some 20 Mexican states,...more
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:18 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"[M]ore than 40% of Mexican women have suffered a situation of violence before the age of 15, either psychologically, sexually or physically, according to official statistics" (para 1).
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"[M]ore than 40% of Mexican women have suffered a situation of violence before the age of 15, either psychologically, sexually or physically, according to official statistics" (para 1).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:18 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"There is an average of 10 femicides, homicides committed on females and feminine people, a day" (para 1).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
"There is an average of 10 femicides, homicides committed on females and feminine people, a day" (para 1).
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:18 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2
"In the public metro system of Mexico City, nine out of 10 women say they have been a victim of sexual harassment even though, in 2002, the city government implemented 'Let's Travel Safely.' The program allocates three of the nine subway cars for only women and children up to 12 years old. The program's success has been very limited: One 2021 study found harassment toward women only dropped by 2.9%. Sexual harassment continues to pose a serious threat to riders, with an average of 300 cases reported per year in the metro. But even then, the numbers are inaccurate, since 80% of metro riders do not know how to report...more
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2
"In the public metro system of Mexico City, nine out of 10 women say they have been a victim of sexual harassment even though, in 2002, the city government implemented 'Let's Travel Safely.' The program allocates three of the nine subway cars for only women and children up to 12 years old. The program's success has been very limited: One 2021 study found harassment toward women only dropped by 2.9%. Sexual harassment continues to pose a serious threat to riders, with an average of 300 cases reported per year in the metro. But even then, the numbers are inaccurate, since 80% of metro riders do not know how to report...more
Dec. 12, 2024, 9:18 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"This June, there is hope that solving gender-based violence will be a priority for the next president, who for the first time in the country's history will be a woman. In a race between Claudia Sheinbaum, an environmental scientist and a former mayor of Mexico City, and Xóchitl Gálvez, an Indigenous, pro-business tech entrepreneur, Sheinbaum was overwhelmingly elected Mexico's first female president. Many women are hopeful that she will add momentum to the women's rights movement" (para 6-7).
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"This June, there is hope that solving gender-based violence will be a priority for the next president, who for the first time in the country's history will be a woman. In a race between Claudia Sheinbaum, an environmental scientist and a former mayor of Mexico City, and Xóchitl Gálvez, an Indigenous, pro-business tech entrepreneur, Sheinbaum was overwhelmingly elected Mexico's first female president. Many women are hopeful that she will add momentum to the women's rights movement" (para 6-7).
Dec. 12, 2024, 1:38 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"The ruling was one that the Information Group for Chosen Reproduction, or GIRE as it is known by its Spanish initial… had been championing" (para 3).
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1
"The ruling was one that the Information Group for Chosen Reproduction, or GIRE as it is known by its Spanish initial… had been championing" (para 3).
Dec. 12, 2024, 1:38 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Mexico's Supreme Court struck down a federal ban on abortion Wednesday, indicating the procedure can no longer be penalized because it is unconstitutional and violates the rights of women. Under the unanimous decision filed by 11 judges, the federal public health service and all federal health institutions are obligated to provide abortion access to any person who seeks it" (para 1-2). "The decision comes two years after the Supreme Court ruled in a case involving the northeastern state of Coahuila and said that a woman could not be jailed for having an abortion" (para 5). "Abortion in Mexico was made illegal in 1931 and was only allowed if the pregnant...more
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Mexico's Supreme Court struck down a federal ban on abortion Wednesday, indicating the procedure can no longer be penalized because it is unconstitutional and violates the rights of women. Under the unanimous decision filed by 11 judges, the federal public health service and all federal health institutions are obligated to provide abortion access to any person who seeks it" (para 1-2). "The decision comes two years after the Supreme Court ruled in a case involving the northeastern state of Coahuila and said that a woman could not be jailed for having an abortion" (para 5). "Abortion in Mexico was made illegal in 1931 and was only allowed if the pregnant...more
Dec. 10, 2024, 4:07 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"From the moment former Mayor of Mexico City Claudia Sheinbaum threw her hat in the ring for the presidency, the result was rarely in doubt. Throughout the long and often gruelling campaign, as she criss-crossed the nation on commercial flights, her double-digit lead in the polls would have reassured her that she was on track to make history. She has now done so, becoming Mexico’s first woman president by a huge margin. It is a watershed moment both for Mexico and her personally. She has already served as Mexico City’s first female mayor. Now, in a few months, she will occupy the National Palace, succeeding her mentor, outgoing President Andrés...more
Variables: GP-DATA-1
"From the moment former Mayor of Mexico City Claudia Sheinbaum threw her hat in the ring for the presidency, the result was rarely in doubt. Throughout the long and often gruelling campaign, as she criss-crossed the nation on commercial flights, her double-digit lead in the polls would have reassured her that she was on track to make history. She has now done so, becoming Mexico’s first woman president by a huge margin. It is a watershed moment both for Mexico and her personally. She has already served as Mexico City’s first female mayor. Now, in a few months, she will occupy the National Palace, succeeding her mentor, outgoing President Andrés...more
Dec. 10, 2024, 4:07 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1
"No matter what else happens in her political career or where her six years in power lead her, she will always be the woman who managed to break the glass ceiling in Mexican politics. Given the country’s deeply ingrained patriarchy and entrenched machismo, that is no small feat" (para 5).
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1
"No matter what else happens in her political career or where her six years in power lead her, she will always be the woman who managed to break the glass ceiling in Mexican politics. Given the country’s deeply ingrained patriarchy and entrenched machismo, that is no small feat" (para 5).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3). "Nezahualcoyotl, one of the 11 municipalities in Mexico State, a state that borders Mexico City on three sides and continues to have posted alerts warning women about femicides and the forced disappearances of women" (para 10).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3). "Nezahualcoyotl, one of the 11 municipalities in Mexico State, a state that borders Mexico City on three sides and continues to have posted alerts warning women about femicides and the forced disappearances of women" (para 10).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"In a ruling last week that touched off a public outcry, a court in Mexico State said that while it agreed 23-year-old Roxana Ruiz was raped in 2021, it found her guilty of homicide with “excessive use of legitimate defense.” It also ordered Ruiz to pay more than $16,000 in reparations to the family of her attacker" (para 2). "Despite Ruiz [an assault survivor] telling police she had been raped, a forensic exam was never done, a crucial step in prosecuting sexual violence cases, Carrera [Ruiz's lawyer] said. Instead, an officer responded that she probably wanted to have sex with the man at first and then changed her mind, the...more
Variables: DTCP-PRACTICE-1
"In a ruling last week that touched off a public outcry, a court in Mexico State said that while it agreed 23-year-old Roxana Ruiz was raped in 2021, it found her guilty of homicide with “excessive use of legitimate defense.” It also ordered Ruiz to pay more than $16,000 in reparations to the family of her attacker" (para 2). "Despite Ruiz [an assault survivor] telling police she had been raped, a forensic exam was never done, a crucial step in prosecuting sexual violence cases, Carrera [Ruiz's lawyer] said. Instead, an officer responded that she probably wanted to have sex with the man at first and then changed her mind, the...more
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Nearly half of Mexican women have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime, government data say" (para 16).
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Nearly half of Mexican women have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime, government data say" (para 16).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
""Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3). "In 2022, the Mexican government registered a total of 3,754 women — an average of 10 a day — who were slain, a significant jump from the year before. Only a third were investigated as femicides" (para 17).
Variables: MURDER-DATA-1
""Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3). "In 2022, the Mexican government registered a total of 3,754 women — an average of 10 a day — who were slain, a significant jump from the year before. Only a third were investigated as femicides" (para 17).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"In 2022, the Mexican government registered a total of 3,754 women — an average of 10 a day — who were slain, a significant jump from the year before. Only a third were investigated as femicides" (para 17). These numbers indicate a social norm of killing women (CEC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MURDER-PRACTICE-1
"In 2022, the Mexican government registered a total of 3,754 women — an average of 10 a day — who were slain, a significant jump from the year before. Only a third were investigated as femicides" (para 17). These numbers indicate a social norm of killing women (CEC - CODER COMMENT).
Nov. 16, 2024, 3:41 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3).
Variables: UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"Feminist groups, which have supported Ruiz’s [woman sentenced to prison for killing her rapist] defense, angrily protested, saying the ruling was criminalizing survivors of sexual violence while protecting perpetrators in a country with high levels of gender-based violence and femicides. Protesters in Mexico City carried signs reading 'Defending my life isn’t a crime'" (para 3).
Oct. 17, 2024, 6:46 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy" (par. 1-2). The Mexican government is encouraging individuals to have children, even through other methods, which shows they are in favor of emphasizing family life (IME - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy" (par. 1-2). The Mexican government is encouraging individuals to have children, even through other methods, which shows they are in favor of emphasizing family life (IME - CODER COMMENT).
Oct. 17, 2024, 6:46 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ACR-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy. The court also decided that the specifics of legislation regulating the practice would be up to individual states" (par. 1-3). "“Womb surrogacy must always be agreed to through altruistic intent. The court recognizes the legality of the practice but warns against scenarios in which women may be the subject of exploitation,” Said Supreme Court President, Arturo Zaldívar Lelo" (par. 4).
Variables: ACR-LAW-1
"Mexico’s Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the practice of womb surrogacy. According to the ruling, surrogates are not to receive compensation for their services, limiting the exchange of money to cover expenses related to the pregnancy. The court also decided that the specifics of legislation regulating the practice would be up to individual states" (par. 1-3). "“Womb surrogacy must always be agreed to through altruistic intent. The court recognizes the legality of the practice but warns against scenarios in which women may be the subject of exploitation,” Said Supreme Court President, Arturo Zaldívar Lelo" (par. 4).
Oct. 17, 2024, 6:46 p.m.
Countries: Mexico
Variables: ACR-PRACTICE-1
"Insemination procedures related to womb surrogacy in Mexico are most common in Mexico City, where the bulk of fertility clinics are concentrated, in part because the local government has already regulated the procedure" (par 5). "Womb surrogacy has been denounced by the Catholic Church on the grounds that it runs the risk of treating wombs and babies like commodities" (par. 9).
Variables: ACR-PRACTICE-1
"Insemination procedures related to womb surrogacy in Mexico are most common in Mexico City, where the bulk of fertility clinics are concentrated, in part because the local government has already regulated the procedure" (par 5). "Womb surrogacy has been denounced by the Catholic Church on the grounds that it runs the risk of treating wombs and babies like commodities" (par. 9).