Latest items for Kyrgyzstan
Aug. 10, 2024, 2:57 a.m.
Countries: Albania, Brunei, China, Guatemala, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
9.0
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
9.0
July 13, 2024, 11:39 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Ukraine
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-6
"In Latvia, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine sex workers reported being tested for HIV or STIs against their will after being picked up by the police. They felt that the threat of such testing was an additional tool that was sometimes used by police officers to claim extortion money."
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1, IRP-LAW-6
"In Latvia, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine sex workers reported being tested for HIV or STIs against their will after being picked up by the police. They felt that the threat of such testing was an additional tool that was sometimes used by police officers to claim extortion money."
July 8, 2024, 10:06 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"'I found several women who said they were afraid of going to the police because the police often extort money from these girls,' Aleksandra Titova, a journalist at the Kyrgyz news site Kloop who has reported extensively on Kyrgyzstan’s webcam industry, told Radio Azattyk" (para 13). "Kyrgyz police regularly report raids on what they call "porn studios," resulting in small fines for the women and the camera operators present" (para 35).
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"'I found several women who said they were afraid of going to the police because the police often extort money from these girls,' Aleksandra Titova, a journalist at the Kyrgyz news site Kloop who has reported extensively on Kyrgyzstan’s webcam industry, told Radio Azattyk" (para 13). "Kyrgyz police regularly report raids on what they call "porn studios," resulting in small fines for the women and the camera operators present" (para 35).
May 23, 2024, 10:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"Articles 166, 167, and 170 of the criminal code criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties of three to six years’ imprisonment for offenses involving adult victims, and five to eight years’ imprisonment for those involving child victims. These penalties were sufficiently stringent and, with regard to sex trafficking, commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as kidnapping. Prosecutors could also charge traffickers using Article 159 for engaging a person in prostitution through the use of force or the threat of force or fraud, which was punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to five years if the victim was an adult, and five to...more
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"Articles 166, 167, and 170 of the criminal code criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties of three to six years’ imprisonment for offenses involving adult victims, and five to eight years’ imprisonment for those involving child victims. These penalties were sufficiently stringent and, with regard to sex trafficking, commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as kidnapping. Prosecutors could also charge traffickers using Article 159 for engaging a person in prostitution through the use of force or the threat of force or fraud, which was punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to five years if the victim was an adult, and five to...more
May 9, 2024, 12:01 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is not illegal under the Penal Code and there are no associated activities that are explicitly criminalised. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes there are laws in the criminal code against the 'promotion of prostitution' (Article 167), organisation of brothels (Article 167) and involvement or coercion in 'prostitution' (Article 166).
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is not illegal under the Penal Code and there are no associated activities that are explicitly criminalised. Is buying sex criminalised? No. Is organising/managing criminalised? Yes there are laws in the criminal code against the 'promotion of prostitution' (Article 167), organisation of brothels (Article 167) and involvement or coercion in 'prostitution' (Article 166).
March 31, 2024, 3:14 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, D R Congo, East Timor, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
March 30, 2024, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Kyrgyzstan ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Kyrgyzstan ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Feb. 7, 2024, 9:07 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law provides for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions. The WBL database provides the following as a source: Family Code, Art. 35(3).
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law provides for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions. The WBL database provides the following as a source: Family Code, Art. 35(3).
Feb. 2, 2024, 6:33 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to 2022 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15-49) in Kyrgyzstan who have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime is 23 percent (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to 2022 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, the proportion of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15-49) in Kyrgyzstan who have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime is 23 percent (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:24 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Bhutan, Brazil, Brunei, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Suriname, Tunisia, Vanuatu
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
2
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
2
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan, Panama
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
50
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
50
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:03 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
1
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
1
Jan. 21, 2024, 11:10 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in the Kyrgyz Republic was 50 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in the Kyrgyz Republic was 50 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 20, 2024, 1:37 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Kyrgyzstan is 45.4% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Kyrgyzstan is 45.4% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 7, 2024, 3:30 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Kyrgyzstan in 76 years for women and 68 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Kyrgyzstan in 76 years for women and 68 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Dec. 28, 2023, 2:18 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Kyrgyzstan is 70.7 years for men and 77.3 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Kyrgyzstan is 70.7 years for men and 77.3 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Oct. 24, 2023, 10:24 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Almost 1 in 4 Bishkek-based sex workers interviewed in 2012 reported experienceing arrest or poice harassment daily" (p 39). "All 590 sex workers surveyed in 2012 said they had been subjected to humiliation, verbal abuse, and extortion by police, and over 90 percent described making regular payments to avoid arrest or abuse. Sex workers who do not pay extortion may be charged with administrative offenses like disturbing public order or public drunkenness, even if they have not committed these acts, and held in detention anywhere from a few hours to several days. Sex workers describe being beaten with batons, aving their heads slammed against windshields, being raped by multiple officers,...more
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"Almost 1 in 4 Bishkek-based sex workers interviewed in 2012 reported experienceing arrest or poice harassment daily" (p 39). "All 590 sex workers surveyed in 2012 said they had been subjected to humiliation, verbal abuse, and extortion by police, and over 90 percent described making regular payments to avoid arrest or abuse. Sex workers who do not pay extortion may be charged with administrative offenses like disturbing public order or public drunkenness, even if they have not committed these acts, and held in detention anywhere from a few hours to several days. Sex workers describe being beaten with batons, aving their heads slammed against windshields, being raped by multiple officers,...more
Oct. 24, 2023, 10:24 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1
"Almost 1 in 4 Bishkek-based sex workers interviewed in 2012 reported experienceing arrest or poice harassment daily" (p 39). "All 590 sex workers surveyed in 2012 said they had been subjected to humiliation, verbal abuse, and extortion by police, and over 90 percent described making regular payments to avoid arrest or abuse. Sex workers who do not pay extortion may be charged with administrative offenses like disturbing public order or public drunkenness, even if they have not committed these acts, and held in detention anywhere from a few hours to several days. Sex workers describe being beaten with batons, aving their heads slammed against windshields, being raped by multiple officers,...more
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1
"Almost 1 in 4 Bishkek-based sex workers interviewed in 2012 reported experienceing arrest or poice harassment daily" (p 39). "All 590 sex workers surveyed in 2012 said they had been subjected to humiliation, verbal abuse, and extortion by police, and over 90 percent described making regular payments to avoid arrest or abuse. Sex workers who do not pay extortion may be charged with administrative offenses like disturbing public order or public drunkenness, even if they have not committed these acts, and held in detention anywhere from a few hours to several days. Sex workers describe being beaten with batons, aving their heads slammed against windshields, being raped by multiple officers,...more
Oct. 12, 2023, 3:59 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Libya, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Variables: BR-SCALE-1
1
Variables: BR-SCALE-1
1
Sept. 29, 2023, 9:40 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: BR-DATA-1
"22.6 births per 1000 population"
Variables: BR-DATA-1
"22.6 births per 1000 population"
Sept. 8, 2023, 10:51 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: AOM-DATA-2
"Women who were first married by age 18 (% of women ages 20-24) is '12.9%.'"
Variables: AOM-DATA-2
"Women who were first married by age 18 (% of women ages 20-24) is '12.9%.'"
Aug. 29, 2023, 12:03 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"1. Property acquired by spouses during marriage is their joint property. 2. The property acquired by the spouses during marriage (common property of the spouses) includes the income of each of the spouses from labor activity, entrepreneurial activity and the results of intellectual activity, pensions, allowances received by them, as well as other cash payments that do not have a special purpose ( amounts of material assistance, amounts paid in compensation for damage in connection with disability due to injury or other damage to health, and others). The common property of the spouses is also movable and immovable things acquired at the expense of the joint income of the spouses,...more
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"1. Property acquired by spouses during marriage is their joint property. 2. The property acquired by the spouses during marriage (common property of the spouses) includes the income of each of the spouses from labor activity, entrepreneurial activity and the results of intellectual activity, pensions, allowances received by them, as well as other cash payments that do not have a special purpose ( amounts of material assistance, amounts paid in compensation for damage in connection with disability due to injury or other damage to health, and others). The common property of the spouses is also movable and immovable things acquired at the expense of the joint income of the spouses,...more
Aug. 28, 2023, 11:38 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"The State shall ensure that persons of both sexes enjoy equal conditions of access to use of a plot of land whether allotted or granted for an unspecified time or for temporary use. The right to land shall be protected equally for persons of both sexes" (4). The most recent laws noted in the WomanStats Database (since 2003) relating to ownership of property are still current as of December 2022 and no changes have been made, as verified by consulting The Women, Business, and the Law database for 2022 (JLR-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"The State shall ensure that persons of both sexes enjoy equal conditions of access to use of a plot of land whether allotted or granted for an unspecified time or for temporary use. The right to land shall be protected equally for persons of both sexes" (4). The most recent laws noted in the WomanStats Database (since 2003) relating to ownership of property are still current as of December 2022 and no changes have been made, as verified by consulting The Women, Business, and the Law database for 2022 (JLR-CODER COMMENT).
June 20, 2023, 10:37 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: IAW-LAW-1, IAD-LAW-1
"Under the law women enjoy the same rights as men to inherit land (Land Code art. 37) and non-land assets (Civil Code art. 1118-1166). Both spouses / parents and all children have equal rights as first line of heirs, as do siblings, half-siblings and grandparents on both sides as second line of heirs. Gender equality is maintained among subsequent lines of heirs. Whilst testators cannot disinherit their children, they can do so for their surviving spouse (Civil Code art. 1127 para. 4)" (3).
Variables: IAW-LAW-1, IAD-LAW-1
"Under the law women enjoy the same rights as men to inherit land (Land Code art. 37) and non-land assets (Civil Code art. 1118-1166). Both spouses / parents and all children have equal rights as first line of heirs, as do siblings, half-siblings and grandparents on both sides as second line of heirs. Gender equality is maintained among subsequent lines of heirs. Whilst testators cannot disinherit their children, they can do so for their surviving spouse (Civil Code art. 1127 para. 4)" (3).
June 20, 2023, 10:37 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"In practice, strong patriarchal attitudes prevent women from enjoying their rights to property, family land and pastures" (6).
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"In practice, strong patriarchal attitudes prevent women from enjoying their rights to property, family land and pastures" (6).
June 20, 2023, 10:37 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
"[D]ivorced wives and female widows cannot claim their right to plots measuring less than 5 hectares as such plots are indivisible under the law (Land Code art. 72)" (7).
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
"[D]ivorced wives and female widows cannot claim their right to plots measuring less than 5 hectares as such plots are indivisible under the law (Land Code art. 72)" (7).
June 20, 2023, 10:37 a.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"The Civil, Family and Land Codes each provide women with the same property and land rights as men, before and during marriage (Civil Code art. 222-223 and 1118-1166; Family Code art. 35-38; Land Code art. 6 and 37-38): women thus have the same rights to own, use, dispose of, mortgage, inherit and make decisions over property and private land. These provisions are reinforced by the 2008 Law ‘on State guarantees for gender equality’ which provides all Kyrgyz and foreign citizens with equal access to all forms of ownership (art. 12) and the same right to use land (art. 13). However, women’s rights over joint property differ when they are not...more
Variables: LO-LAW-1
"The Civil, Family and Land Codes each provide women with the same property and land rights as men, before and during marriage (Civil Code art. 222-223 and 1118-1166; Family Code art. 35-38; Land Code art. 6 and 37-38): women thus have the same rights to own, use, dispose of, mortgage, inherit and make decisions over property and private land. These provisions are reinforced by the 2008 Law ‘on State guarantees for gender equality’ which provides all Kyrgyz and foreign citizens with equal access to all forms of ownership (art. 12) and the same right to use land (art. 13). However, women’s rights over joint property differ when they are not...more
June 19, 2023, 12:08 p.m.
Countries: Kyrgyzstan
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-1, IAW-PRACTICE-1, IAD-PRACTICE-1, ATFPA-PRACTICE-2
"Despite the initial gender equality of land distribution, traditional practices and women’s low legal literacy emerged as major contributors to the decline in women’s land rights. Land is viewed as an important family asset and is controlled by male family members. There are longstanding beliefs, which are shared by women, that men should hold and manage land because they are responsible for providing for the family. Upon marriage, women typically leave their family lands to their father or brothers and access land through her husband’s family. Further reductions in women owned land is due to inheritance practices to leave land only to sons. Women are also subject to losing land...more
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-1, IAW-PRACTICE-1, IAD-PRACTICE-1, ATFPA-PRACTICE-2
"Despite the initial gender equality of land distribution, traditional practices and women’s low legal literacy emerged as major contributors to the decline in women’s land rights. Land is viewed as an important family asset and is controlled by male family members. There are longstanding beliefs, which are shared by women, that men should hold and manage land because they are responsible for providing for the family. Upon marriage, women typically leave their family lands to their father or brothers and access land through her husband’s family. Further reductions in women owned land is due to inheritance practices to leave land only to sons. Women are also subject to losing land...more