Countries: Israel
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1

"Despite years of derision from conservative quarters of Israeli society, female combat soldiers have become symbols of progress and equality, appearing on magazine covers and featured in television news profiles" (par. 12).

Countries: Israel
Variables: GP-DATA-6

"The newly retired president of Israel’s Supreme Court, Esther Hayut, was among the country’s most influential officials, recently dealing an important blow to the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to curb the powers of the judiciary" (par. 19).

Countries: Israel
Variables: GP-DATA-1

"Israel has had a female prime minister, Golda Meir from 1969 to 1974" (par. 19).

Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-PRACTICE-1

"When Capt. Amit Busi gets a chance to sleep, she does so with her boots on — and in a shared tent in an improvised Israeli military post in northern Gaza. There she commands a company of 83 soldiers, nearly half of them men. It is one of several mixed-gender units fighting in Gaza, where female combat soldiers and officers are serving on the front line for the first time since the war surrounding the establishment of Israel in 1948" (par. 1-2). "'The borders have been blurred,' Captain Busi said of the decades-long limits on the roles of female combat troops in Israel. The military, she said, ;needs us, so...more

Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2

"The integration of women into the military’s combat units has been the subject of a lengthy debate in Israel, home to one of the world’s few armies that conscript women at 18 for mandatory service" (par. 7). "Ultraconservative rabbis have disparaged women’s service in general and railed against Orthodox women, in particular, who waive religious exemptions in order to serve. And some conservative activists have discredited the success of female soldiers, asserting that women are held to easier standards and drag the army down" (par. 22).

Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-1

"In recent years, women have made up about 18 percent of the military’s combat force" (par. 14).

Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2

"Women must carry out military service alongside men and are called back to serve in the Army Reserve in times of crisis" (para 29).

Countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, D R Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Israel, Kazakhstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda
Variables: PW-LAW-1

"Technically illegal, but still practiced" (para 18).

Countries: Israel
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1

"The government maintained overall law enforcement efforts but law enforcement actions against labor traffickers remained inadequate. The 2006 anti-trafficking law criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties of up to 16 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of an adult and up to 20 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of a child... Inconsistent with the definition of trafficking under international law, the law did not establish the use of force, fraud, or coercion as an essential element of the crime." (3). "376A of the Penal Law 5737-1977 prohibited holding a person’s passport against their will and carried a penalty of three to five years’ imprisonment; the government investigated two...more

Countries: Israel
Variables: DV-DATA-1

"In a research by Grynbaum et al. [39], screening of women who visited a primary care setting in Israel showed that lifetime prevalence of family violence is 30.8%, while 10% suffered from violence during the previous year" (8). This cited study is from 2001 so the results may now be outdated (KMM-CODER COMMENT).

Countries: Israel
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1

"The trains from Tel Aviv were packed one evening last month when Inbal Boxerman, a 40-year-old mother of two, was blocked by a wall of men as she tried to board. One of them told her that women were not allowed on — the car was for men only" (para 1). "When women and men are seated separately at publicly funded shows and concerts to accommodate the wishes of the ultra-Orthodox, she said, 'the women are seated in the back'" (para 25).

Countries: Israel
Variables: IIP-LAW-1

"Ms. Boxerman was stunned. It was a public train operated by Israel Railways, and segregated seating is illegal in the country. The men stopping her appeared to be protesters going home from a rally supporting the governing coalition, which includes extremist religious and far-right parties pushing for more sex segregation and a return to more traditional gender roles" (para 2). "Although the Supreme Court has ruled that it is against the law to force women to sit in separate sections on buses and trains, ultra-Orthodox women customarily board buses in their neighborhoods through the rear door and sit in the back. Now, the practice seems to be spreading to other...more

Countries: Israel
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-3

"There are fewer women in government than just a year ago. Two of the ultra-Orthodox parties in the governing coalition effectively ban women from running for office, ignoring a 2019 Supreme Court ruling saying that they had to end the practice" (para 19).

Countries: Israel
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1

"Israel’s laws have not been amended to reflect the concessions, but some fear that the changes are already coming, at the expense of women. The Israeli news media has been full of reports in recent months about incidents seen as discriminatory" (para 11).

Countries: Israel
Variables: ATDW-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2

"The Orthodox rabbinical court already has jurisdiction over divorce for all Jews in Israel and gives only men the power to formally dissolve a marriage. The proposed changes would also grant them possible jurisdiction over the economic aspects of a divorce and allow them to act as arbitrators in civil matters such as labor or contract disputes, as long as parties have consented. Critics of the bill say that consent is not always given freely" (para 27).