Latest items for Israel
Dec. 6, 2024, 10:55 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2
"Women must carry out military service alongside men and are called back to serve in the Army Reserve in times of crisis" (para 29).
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-2
"Women must carry out military service alongside men and are called back to serve in the Army Reserve in times of crisis" (para 29).
Dec. 6, 2024, 10:55 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-1
"An all-female combat unit of just 13 soldiers from the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) took on and killed nearly 100 Hamas gunmen when they fought off a terror attack on an army base and helped liberate a kibbutz, it has emerged. Lieutenant Colonel Or Ben Yehuda and her 12 women soldiers of the Caracal Battalion led the frontline fightback from armoured personnel carriers after racing to a military post on the Egyptian border that was being attacked during the Hamas onslaught" (para 1-2). "She also acknowledged the bravery of an all-female tank crew under her command that led the attack on Hamas fighters who had ransacked the nearby Holit kibbutz,...more
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-1
"An all-female combat unit of just 13 soldiers from the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) took on and killed nearly 100 Hamas gunmen when they fought off a terror attack on an army base and helped liberate a kibbutz, it has emerged. Lieutenant Colonel Or Ben Yehuda and her 12 women soldiers of the Caracal Battalion led the frontline fightback from armoured personnel carriers after racing to a military post on the Egyptian border that was being attacked during the Hamas onslaught" (para 1-2). "She also acknowledged the bravery of an all-female tank crew under her command that led the attack on Hamas fighters who had ransacked the nearby Holit kibbutz,...more
Dec. 4, 2024, 4:38 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, D R Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Israel, Kazakhstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Technically illegal, but still practiced" (para 18).
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Technically illegal, but still practiced" (para 18).
Aug. 10, 2024, 2:57 a.m.
Countries: Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, El Salvador, Israel, Kosovo, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Panama, South Korea, Suriname, Thailand, Venezuela
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
6.0
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
6.0
May 23, 2024, 10:03 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"The government maintained overall law enforcement efforts but law enforcement actions against labor traffickers remained inadequate. The 2006 anti-trafficking law criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties of up to 16 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of an adult and up to 20 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of a child... Inconsistent with the definition of trafficking under international law, the law did not establish the use of force, fraud, or coercion as an essential element of the crime." (3). "376A of the Penal Law 5737-1977 prohibited holding a person’s passport against their will and carried a penalty of three to five years’ imprisonment; the government investigated two...more
Variables: TRAFF-LAW-1
"The government maintained overall law enforcement efforts but law enforcement actions against labor traffickers remained inadequate. The 2006 anti-trafficking law criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties of up to 16 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of an adult and up to 20 years’ imprisonment for the trafficking of a child... Inconsistent with the definition of trafficking under international law, the law did not establish the use of force, fraud, or coercion as an essential element of the crime." (3). "376A of the Penal Law 5737-1977 prohibited holding a person’s passport against their will and carried a penalty of three to five years’ imprisonment; the government investigated two...more
May 9, 2024, 11:52 a.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal in Israel although there are strict brothel-keeping laws that make it impossible to work indoors without breaking the law. Soliciting on the streets is legal. In a recent case a judge appeared to suggest that it is legal for individual sex workers to work indoors or for collective working situations as this prevented them working on the streets. This is open to appeal and it may well be as this was a lower court. Is buying sex criminalised? Yes. The final bill, “Penal Code (Amendment No. 137), 5769, (230-236) 2019” was passed by the Knesset on 31st December 2018. The law came...more
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
Is selling sex criminalised? Selling sex is legal in Israel although there are strict brothel-keeping laws that make it impossible to work indoors without breaking the law. Soliciting on the streets is legal. In a recent case a judge appeared to suggest that it is legal for individual sex workers to work indoors or for collective working situations as this prevented them working on the streets. This is open to appeal and it may well be as this was a lower court. Is buying sex criminalised? Yes. The final bill, “Penal Code (Amendment No. 137), 5769, (230-236) 2019” was passed by the Knesset on 31st December 2018. The law came...more
May 2, 2024, 12:12 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"In a research by Grynbaum et al. [39], screening of women who visited a primary care setting in Israel showed that lifetime prevalence of family violence is 30.8%, while 10% suffered from violence during the previous year" (8). This cited study is from 2001 so the results may now be outdated (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"In a research by Grynbaum et al. [39], screening of women who visited a primary care setting in Israel showed that lifetime prevalence of family violence is 30.8%, while 10% suffered from violence during the previous year" (8). This cited study is from 2001 so the results may now be outdated (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
May 2, 2024, 12:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"A new study by the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev shows that around forty percent of Israeli women aged 16-48 have suffered physical, psychological or verbal violence from their partners" (para 1).
Variables: DV-DATA-1
"A new study by the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev shows that around forty percent of Israeli women aged 16-48 have suffered physical, psychological or verbal violence from their partners" (para 1).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"Israel’s laws have not been amended to reflect the concessions, but some fear that the changes are already coming, at the expense of women. The Israeli news media has been full of reports in recent months about incidents seen as discriminatory" (para 11).
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"Israel’s laws have not been amended to reflect the concessions, but some fear that the changes are already coming, at the expense of women. The Israeli news media has been full of reports in recent months about incidents seen as discriminatory" (para 11).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-2
"'What is going on here is not an issue of left and right — they are changing the rules of the game, and it will have a dramatic effect on women,' said Moran Zer Katzenstein, who heads Bonot Alternativa, a pro-democracy group, as well as a nonpartisan umbrella group of women’s organizations. 'Our rights will be harmed first'" (para 16).
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-2
"'What is going on here is not an issue of left and right — they are changing the rules of the game, and it will have a dramatic effect on women,' said Moran Zer Katzenstein, who heads Bonot Alternativa, a pro-democracy group, as well as a nonpartisan umbrella group of women’s organizations. 'Our rights will be harmed first'" (para 16).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-3
"There are fewer women in government than just a year ago. Two of the ultra-Orthodox parties in the governing coalition effectively ban women from running for office, ignoring a 2019 Supreme Court ruling saying that they had to end the practice" (para 19).
Variables: LBHO-PRACTICE-1, LBHO-PRACTICE-3
"There are fewer women in government than just a year ago. Two of the ultra-Orthodox parties in the governing coalition effectively ban women from running for office, ignoring a 2019 Supreme Court ruling saying that they had to end the practice" (para 19).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: LBHO-LAW-1
"Although some women within the Likud-led coalition are loyal to carrying out its agenda, much of the push to strengthen the rabbinical courts is by the two ultra-Orthodox parties, which don’t allow women to run for office" (para 10). "It has barred the use of feminine nouns in advertisements for civil service jobs, even though Hebrew has distinct masculine and feminine forms for job titles" (para 21) The removal of feminine nouns in government job advertising could signal an advertising and discriminative berrier against women holding office (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LBHO-LAW-1
"Although some women within the Likud-led coalition are loyal to carrying out its agenda, much of the push to strengthen the rabbinical courts is by the two ultra-Orthodox parties, which don’t allow women to run for office" (para 10). "It has barred the use of feminine nouns in advertisements for civil service jobs, even though Hebrew has distinct masculine and feminine forms for job titles" (para 21) The removal of feminine nouns in government job advertising could signal an advertising and discriminative berrier against women holding office (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1
"The trains from Tel Aviv were packed one evening last month when Inbal Boxerman, a 40-year-old mother of two, was blocked by a wall of men as she tried to board. One of them told her that women were not allowed on — the car was for men only" (para 1). "When women and men are seated separately at publicly funded shows and concerts to accommodate the wishes of the ultra-Orthodox, she said, 'the women are seated in the back'" (para 25).
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-1
"The trains from Tel Aviv were packed one evening last month when Inbal Boxerman, a 40-year-old mother of two, was blocked by a wall of men as she tried to board. One of them told her that women were not allowed on — the car was for men only" (para 1). "When women and men are seated separately at publicly funded shows and concerts to accommodate the wishes of the ultra-Orthodox, she said, 'the women are seated in the back'" (para 25).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IIP-LAW-1
"Ms. Boxerman was stunned. It was a public train operated by Israel Railways, and segregated seating is illegal in the country. The men stopping her appeared to be protesters going home from a rally supporting the governing coalition, which includes extremist religious and far-right parties pushing for more sex segregation and a return to more traditional gender roles" (para 2). "Although the Supreme Court has ruled that it is against the law to force women to sit in separate sections on buses and trains, ultra-Orthodox women customarily board buses in their neighborhoods through the rear door and sit in the back. Now, the practice seems to be spreading to other...more
Variables: IIP-LAW-1
"Ms. Boxerman was stunned. It was a public train operated by Israel Railways, and segregated seating is illegal in the country. The men stopping her appeared to be protesters going home from a rally supporting the governing coalition, which includes extremist religious and far-right parties pushing for more sex segregation and a return to more traditional gender roles" (para 2). "Although the Supreme Court has ruled that it is against the law to force women to sit in separate sections on buses and trains, ultra-Orthodox women customarily board buses in their neighborhoods through the rear door and sit in the back. Now, the practice seems to be spreading to other...more
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: GDI-DATA-1
"In a global gender gap report issued by the World Economic Forum in June that ranks 146 countries, Israel dropped to the 83rd place, from 60th place last year. Although the report ranked Israel first in terms of women’s education, the country’s ranking for women’s political empowerment slipped to 96th, just below Pakistan, from 61st last year" (para 18).
Variables: GDI-DATA-1
"In a global gender gap report issued by the World Economic Forum in June that ranks 146 countries, Israel dropped to the 83rd place, from 60th place last year. Although the report ranked Israel first in terms of women’s education, the country’s ranking for women’s political empowerment slipped to 96th, just below Pakistan, from 61st last year" (para 18).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: DV-PRACTICE-1
"It has barred the use of feminine nouns in advertisements for civil service jobs, even though Hebrew has distinct masculine and feminine forms for job titles. And although the government passed a law requiring electronic monitoring of men who are the subject of restraining orders because of domestic violence, critics say the law was significantly watered down so that it applies only to men who are deemed an immediate threat or have a criminal record" (para 21).
Variables: DV-PRACTICE-1
"It has barred the use of feminine nouns in advertisements for civil service jobs, even though Hebrew has distinct masculine and feminine forms for job titles. And although the government passed a law requiring electronic monitoring of men who are the subject of restraining orders because of domestic violence, critics say the law was significantly watered down so that it applies only to men who are deemed an immediate threat or have a criminal record" (para 21).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Over the past decade, sex segregation has seeped into many areas. Small public colleges that enroll ultra-Orthodox students seeking undergraduate degrees segregate classes by sex. Some drivers’ education and government job training courses have run sex-segregated sessions, and some public libraries post separate hours for girls and boys" (para 14). "Still, the court has allowed sex segregation in undergraduate college classrooms, a concession made to incentivize ultra-Orthodox men to get an education and join the work force, said Prof. Yofi Tirosh, vice dean of the Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law. Many ultra-Orthodox men engage in religious studies full time and do not work or serve in the army" (para...more
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"Over the past decade, sex segregation has seeped into many areas. Small public colleges that enroll ultra-Orthodox students seeking undergraduate degrees segregate classes by sex. Some drivers’ education and government job training courses have run sex-segregated sessions, and some public libraries post separate hours for girls and boys" (para 14). "Still, the court has allowed sex segregation in undergraduate college classrooms, a concession made to incentivize ultra-Orthodox men to get an education and join the work force, said Prof. Yofi Tirosh, vice dean of the Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law. Many ultra-Orthodox men engage in religious studies full time and do not work or serve in the army" (para...more
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: ATDW-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2
"The Orthodox rabbinical court already has jurisdiction over divorce for all Jews in Israel and gives only men the power to formally dissolve a marriage. The proposed changes would also grant them possible jurisdiction over the economic aspects of a divorce and allow them to act as arbitrators in civil matters such as labor or contract disputes, as long as parties have consented. Critics of the bill say that consent is not always given freely" (para 27).
Variables: ATDW-PRACTICE-1, ATDW-PRACTICE-2
"The Orthodox rabbinical court already has jurisdiction over divorce for all Jews in Israel and gives only men the power to formally dissolve a marriage. The proposed changes would also grant them possible jurisdiction over the economic aspects of a divorce and allow them to act as arbitrators in civil matters such as labor or contract disputes, as long as parties have consented. Critics of the bill say that consent is not always given freely" (para 27).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Now, the demands of the coalition’s ultra-Orthodox and far-right parties could radically transform the face of a country where equal rights for women are guaranteed in the 1948 declaration of independence and reinforced in several key Supreme Court decisions" (para 15).
Variables: CONST-LAW-1
"Now, the demands of the coalition’s ultra-Orthodox and far-right parties could radically transform the face of a country where equal rights for women are guaranteed in the 1948 declaration of independence and reinforced in several key Supreme Court decisions" (para 15).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"And Israel’s national emergency medical and disaster service is for the first time segregating men and women during the academic part of paramedic training undertaken to fulfill a national service requirement, the Israeli news media reported last week. A spokesman, Nadav Matzner, said that many of the students were religious, and emphasized that all of the clinical training will be in mixed-sex settings and that paramedics must provide care for everyone" (para 13) If trainings are getting segregated and there is a tendency for men to want to segregate women in public life, women getting access to healthcare could be an issue if it comes down to an emergency and...more
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"And Israel’s national emergency medical and disaster service is for the first time segregating men and women during the academic part of paramedic training undertaken to fulfill a national service requirement, the Israeli news media reported last week. A spokesman, Nadav Matzner, said that many of the students were religious, and emphasized that all of the clinical training will be in mixed-sex settings and that paramedics must provide care for everyone" (para 13) If trainings are getting segregated and there is a tendency for men to want to segregate women in public life, women getting access to healthcare could be an issue if it comes down to an emergency and...more
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
Professor Tirosh said that women would lose out as more financial resources are invested in men’s programs, female students are shunted into jobs typically seen as the domain of women, and sex segregation spreads to workplaces and public venues (para 24).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
Professor Tirosh said that women would lose out as more financial resources are invested in men’s programs, female students are shunted into jobs typically seen as the domain of women, and sex segregation spreads to workplaces and public venues (para 24).
April 30, 2024, 8:19 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2
"Professor Tirosh said that women would lose out as more financial resources are invested in men’s programs, female students are shunted into jobs typically seen as the domain of women, and sex segregation spreads to workplaces and public venues" (para 24) If women's education puts them in a specific stereotypically female sector of the economy, it must be because the general societal attitude is that women shouldn't be taking up men's jobs (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-2
"Professor Tirosh said that women would lose out as more financial resources are invested in men’s programs, female students are shunted into jobs typically seen as the domain of women, and sex segregation spreads to workplaces and public venues" (para 24) If women's education puts them in a specific stereotypically female sector of the economy, it must be because the general societal attitude is that women shouldn't be taking up men's jobs (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
April 30, 2024, 6:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IRP-DATA-2
"'Already with the approval of the law in a preliminary reading, there was a dramatic decrease in the consumption of prostitution in Israel, and appeals for prostitution rehabilitation have increased by 210%'" (para 5). "Overall, about 20% of all men who took part in the study admitted they had paid for sex at least once. Among men who paid for sex in the five years prior to the study, 68% testified that they had solicited to prostitution more than once" (para 8). "In addition, the study also found that the number of men who had said that they paid for sex dropped from 11% before the 2018 law, to 7%...more
Variables: IRP-DATA-2
"'Already with the approval of the law in a preliminary reading, there was a dramatic decrease in the consumption of prostitution in Israel, and appeals for prostitution rehabilitation have increased by 210%'" (para 5). "Overall, about 20% of all men who took part in the study admitted they had paid for sex at least once. Among men who paid for sex in the five years prior to the study, 68% testified that they had solicited to prostitution more than once" (para 8). "In addition, the study also found that the number of men who had said that they paid for sex dropped from 11% before the 2018 law, to 7%...more
April 30, 2024, 6:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"The new data was released a little over three years after the Knesset first passed the bill which outlaws the purchase of sex in Israel" (para 2). "As per the law, soliciting to prostitution is a criminal offense punishable by a significant fine. The law first passed in 2018, tool effect in July 2020 and its enforcement began in January 2021" (para 3).
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"The new data was released a little over three years after the Knesset first passed the bill which outlaws the purchase of sex in Israel" (para 2). "As per the law, soliciting to prostitution is a criminal offense punishable by a significant fine. The law first passed in 2018, tool effect in July 2020 and its enforcement began in January 2021" (para 3).
April 30, 2024, 6:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1
"The consumption of prostitution in Israel is on the decline, while the number of Israelis who perceive the profession in a negative light has increased, according to a new study published Tuesday" (para 1). "'The State of Israel has conveyed a clear educational message in the enactment of the law prohibiting the consumption of prostitution: This is an immoral phenomenon and is therefore prohibited,' said Adv. Nitzan Kahana, who advocated for the law" (para 4) The emphasis on the immorality of prostitution from a prominent advocate of anti-prostitution law likely echoes the predominant negative attitude towards prostitution (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "The study - conducted by the Brookdale Institute for...more
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-1
"The consumption of prostitution in Israel is on the decline, while the number of Israelis who perceive the profession in a negative light has increased, according to a new study published Tuesday" (para 1). "'The State of Israel has conveyed a clear educational message in the enactment of the law prohibiting the consumption of prostitution: This is an immoral phenomenon and is therefore prohibited,' said Adv. Nitzan Kahana, who advocated for the law" (para 4) The emphasis on the immorality of prostitution from a prominent advocate of anti-prostitution law likely echoes the predominant negative attitude towards prostitution (MCP - CODER COMMENT). "The study - conducted by the Brookdale Institute for...more
April 30, 2024, 6:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"'Already with the approval of the law in a preliminary reading, there was a dramatic decrease in the consumption of prostitution in Israel, and appeals for prostitution rehabilitation have increased by 210%'" (para 5).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"'Already with the approval of the law in a preliminary reading, there was a dramatic decrease in the consumption of prostitution in Israel, and appeals for prostitution rehabilitation have increased by 210%'" (para 5).
April 30, 2024, 6:04 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"In addition, the study also found that the number of men who had said that they paid for sex dropped from 11% before the 2018 law, to 7% in 2019 and 5% in 2020 - the year the law went into effect - while 18% said that they had stopped their solicitation altogether due to the law" (para 9) Since the data shows that the consumption of prostitution dropped as a direct result of the law prohibiting prostitution, we can assume that the gap between the law and its enforcement is small (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: IRP-PRACTICE-5
"In addition, the study also found that the number of men who had said that they paid for sex dropped from 11% before the 2018 law, to 7% in 2019 and 5% in 2020 - the year the law went into effect - while 18% said that they had stopped their solicitation altogether due to the law" (para 9) Since the data shows that the consumption of prostitution dropped as a direct result of the law prohibiting prostitution, we can assume that the gap between the law and its enforcement is small (MCP - CODER COMMENT).
March 31, 2024, 3:14 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, D R Congo, East Timor, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
2.0more
March 30, 2024, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Israel
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Israel ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Israel ranks as a Tier 2 country (85).
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:24 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
0
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
0