Countries: Indonesia
Variables: ABO-PRACTICE-1

"The impact of drug use on a fetus during pregnancy or among newborns is often overstated by the media and medical personnel. WUD [women who use drugs] may be coerced to have an abortion as a result of misinformation from health workers or media sensationalism" (10).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: NGOFW-DATA-1

"It was prepared by the Women and Harm Reduction International Network (WHRIN), based on literature review and research conducted by AKSI (Indonesia Act for Justice)" (2).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: MISA-PRACTICE-2

"More than 1 million women use illicit drugs in Indonesia but they have been ignored by existing policy. At the same time, the nation has limited under-scale NSP [Needle Syringe Program] and OAT [Opiate Agonist Theory], with no peer naloxone distribution or safe consumption rooms. Women who use drugs (WUD) are subject to high rates of violence, stigma and discrimination. As drug use is a highly stigmatized activity and criminalized with harsh penalties, reaching WUD with essential services is challenging. Indonesia’s drug policy emphasizes a punitive approach, even though this attracted wide criticism for attendant human rights violations. Law No. 35/ 2009 maintains the criminalization of drug use with a...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: LRW-LAW-1

"In Indonesia, legal protection for survivors of violence is still very weak and weaker still for WUD [women who use drugs]. There is no specific policy that protects victims of sexual violence. Cases of violence against women are only regulated in the General Criminal Code (KUHP) which specifically prohibits rape in the form of penetrative sex. Other forms of sexual violence are regulated in the Domestic Violence Law (KDRT), which only applies to victims and perpetrators who are categorized as family. As a result, violence in any form other than penetration, and committed by outside family members, such as intimate partners, escapes justice" (11-12).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2, LRCM-PRACTICE-2

"[S]tigma against survivors of violence is still very high in Indonesia, where violence is still considered a disgrace for women and their families. This makes survivors reluctant to report cases and is more complicated if it occurs for WUD [women who use drugs], where the use of drugs is criminalized presenting additional obstacles in accessing justice" (12).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: LRCM-DATA-2

"Physical, sexual, and psychological violence is also committed by family members. Meanwhile, 14% [of women who use drugs] experienced sexual violence from their uncles, fathers, and cousins in the form of being touched, held, and forced to have sexual intercourse. Ironically, when they reported the violence they experienced to other family members, the report was often not believed and instead WUD [women who use drugs] are commonly cursed as a family disgrace. 'Touching my thighs and breasts while I was sleeping. Finally, one night I saw the perpetrator holding me. I was angry, I got angry but my family didn't believe it because they thought I was a (drug) addict,...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: ISSA-PRACTICE-1

"Outreach for WUD [women who use drugs] through harm reduction programs is severely limited where ultimately women are often not included in the estimates of drug using populations and HIV prevalence. To address this gap, the Indonesian drug user network supported 'Women Speak Out', a peer-driven participatory study. This study looked at HIV-related vulnerability and barriers faced by WUD, and their access to health services. The findings confirmed that WUD have many unmet needs and are often neglected by existing harm reduction programs" (9).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: SUICIDE-DATA-1

"LBHM [Community Legal Aid Institution] also found cases of WUD [women who use drugs] who have attempted suicide" (7).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1

"In Indonesia, anti-drug campaigns are everywhere and difficult to miss. This has an impact on the policies of the education office in the majority of provinces in Indonesia that have created regulations that require new students to be drug-free at the time of admission. According to a survey conducted by BNN [National Narcotics Board] and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), out of the population of people who have used drugs, 2.3% are students. More than half of the respondents (2,761) were women. Thus, with discriminatory regulations for new students requiring them to be drug free, substantial numbers of women find it difficult to access the right to education. This...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: CL-PRACTICE-1

"Traditional social constructs still place women as the main caregivers for family members in Indonesia" (13).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1

"WUD [women who use drugs] need to be accurately informed in an appropriate manner so that they can make informed decisions if they want to continue or stop using drugs; start substitution therapy; and if they want to continue with the pregnancy etc. Health workers should provide a comfortable environment for women to talk about drug use, so that WUD can access sexual and reproductive health rights and other essential services" (10).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1

"[M]en are socially expected to have the role as backbone and leader of the family" (9). "Traditional social constructs still place women as the main caregivers for family members in Indonesia. Women are considered to have an important role in creating a 'superior generation'. This stereotype creates multiple stigmas against WUD [women who use drugs], namely as criminals due to drugs policies and also because they are considered to violate their gender role" (13).

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: DV-DATA-1

"Research conducted with over 700 women who inject drugs across 5 cities in Indonesia, the Women Speak Out study, reported that 76% of women who inject drugs experienced violence from an intimate partner in the past year. At least 50% had experienced physical violence, of which 6% experienced severe physical injury. In addition, 38% of respondents reported experiencing sexual violence, 5% of which involved force such as hitting, pushing, and using weapons to force sexual intercourse" (11). "Physical, sexual, and psychological violence is also committed by family members. As many as 74% of WUD [women who use drugs] reported insults, threats using sharp weapons, or being thrown out of their...more

Countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
Variables: TRAFF-PRACTICE-1, TRAFF-PRACTICE-2, TRAFF-DATA-1

"Reports have found that bride trafficking occurs in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, and Vietnam and that the number of women and girls being trafficked is growing. The trafficked women and girls are often ethnic or religious minorities, from impoverished communities, or, in the case of North Korea, fleeing abusive governments. Violence against women and girls is often a low priority for governments and all the affected countries have complicated relationships with China. Consequentially, their governments often show little concern about the fate of women and girls trafficked to China. However, there has been growing attention to bride trafficking in the media, and governments of the home...more

Countries: Indonesia
Variables: PHBP-PRACTICE-1

"Physical scarring and damage to a woman's face and body meant she no longer fit within a certain "beauty paradigm" on how women should look, she added" (Para 31). Societal beauty standards create rigid norms, where scarring lead to stigma, impacting women's well-being and social acceptance (UST - CODERS COMMENT).