Latest items for India
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"When Indian actor Aishwarya Rai, once Miss World, walked the runway at Paris fashion week for L’Oréal this month, the online space and many Indian newspapers exploded with comments about her weight. People took to social media to say she had 'let herself go', that she shouldn’t have worn this or that, that she should have taken better care of herself. She faced similar comments about her 'baby weight' soon after giving birth to her daughter 12 years ago. I watched this unfold with disappointment because this sort of public shaming not only affects Indian celebrities, but also has a direct impact on millions of young girls and women around...more
Variables: WAM-PRACTICE-1
"When Indian actor Aishwarya Rai, once Miss World, walked the runway at Paris fashion week for L’Oréal this month, the online space and many Indian newspapers exploded with comments about her weight. People took to social media to say she had 'let herself go', that she shouldn’t have worn this or that, that she should have taken better care of herself. She faced similar comments about her 'baby weight' soon after giving birth to her daughter 12 years ago. I watched this unfold with disappointment because this sort of public shaming not only affects Indian celebrities, but also has a direct impact on millions of young girls and women around...more
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In an evolving society such as India, where women are walking a tightrope between modernity and tradition, trying to assert independence but also please their families and conform to the expectations placed on them, they continue to receive messages about what body shapes are desirable. The unrealistic standards of beauty that have been perpetuated in media, in films and in Indian society have to be challenged. At the same time, there has to be a more open conversation around eating disorders among Indian and other south Asian women" (par. 13). This suggest that there is not an ongoing dialogue about disorder eating in India (IME - CODER COMMENT).more
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"In an evolving society such as India, where women are walking a tightrope between modernity and tradition, trying to assert independence but also please their families and conform to the expectations placed on them, they continue to receive messages about what body shapes are desirable. The unrealistic standards of beauty that have been perpetuated in media, in films and in Indian society have to be challenged. At the same time, there has to be a more open conversation around eating disorders among Indian and other south Asian women" (par. 13). This suggest that there is not an ongoing dialogue about disorder eating in India (IME - CODER COMMENT).more
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: PHBP-PRACTICE-1
"Matrimonial adverts – where families look for suitable matches for arranged marriages – often stipulate a “beautiful, fair-skinned, thin” woman as a wife. When marriage is presented as an ultimate goal for women, they are compelled to adhere to the feminine norms of beauty. The glorification of a slim body shape is also rooted in the colonial legacy where normative white bodies have been idealised" (par. 9). "In collectivist societies, women are expected to focus on others, not on themselves. When women are cooking and serving, as they do in the majority of Indian families, what and how much they are eating can be ignored. There is also a stigma...more
Variables: PHBP-PRACTICE-1
"Matrimonial adverts – where families look for suitable matches for arranged marriages – often stipulate a “beautiful, fair-skinned, thin” woman as a wife. When marriage is presented as an ultimate goal for women, they are compelled to adhere to the feminine norms of beauty. The glorification of a slim body shape is also rooted in the colonial legacy where normative white bodies have been idealised" (par. 9). "In collectivist societies, women are expected to focus on others, not on themselves. When women are cooking and serving, as they do in the majority of Indian families, what and how much they are eating can be ignored. There is also a stigma...more
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: PHBP-DATA-1
"It is well documented that body image is a strong predictor of disordered eating, particularly binge eating, excessive dieting and purging. As early as 1991, a study in Bradford showed a higher prevalence of eating disorders in girls of Asian origin (2.6%) compared with white girls (0.6%). However, research on eating disorders in India remains sporadic, even as awareness of these conditions is growing around the world. In a 2018 study of 1,600 students aged 15 to 25 in Mysore, south India, more than 27% were prone to eating disorders; another study of 500 female undergraduates showed that 30% had abnormal eating attitudes that correlated with anxiety and depression. But...more
Variables: PHBP-DATA-1
"It is well documented that body image is a strong predictor of disordered eating, particularly binge eating, excessive dieting and purging. As early as 1991, a study in Bradford showed a higher prevalence of eating disorders in girls of Asian origin (2.6%) compared with white girls (0.6%). However, research on eating disorders in India remains sporadic, even as awareness of these conditions is growing around the world. In a 2018 study of 1,600 students aged 15 to 25 in Mysore, south India, more than 27% were prone to eating disorders; another study of 500 female undergraduates showed that 30% had abnormal eating attitudes that correlated with anxiety and depression. But...more
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MULV-PRACTICE-1
"In collectivist societies, women are expected to focus on others, not on themselves. When women are cooking and serving, as they do in the majority of Indian families, what and how much they are eating can be ignored" (par. 10).
Variables: MULV-PRACTICE-1
"In collectivist societies, women are expected to focus on others, not on themselves. When women are cooking and serving, as they do in the majority of Indian families, what and how much they are eating can be ignored" (par. 10).
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MISA-PRACTICE-2
"There is also a stigma around mental health conditions, meaning women are less likely to come forward even if they notice their own disordered eating. Disordered eating can also go unnoticed or be overlooked because a slim body is so desirable" (par. 10).
Variables: MISA-PRACTICE-2
"There is also a stigma around mental health conditions, meaning women are less likely to come forward even if they notice their own disordered eating. Disordered eating can also go unnoticed or be overlooked because a slim body is so desirable" (par. 10).
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"As soon as I hit puberty and my body shape started to change, relatives and friends of the family advised me to watch what I was eating and to avoid getting fat or else no one would marry me. Sometimes this was said as a joke, but mostly it was serious. After warnings about gaining weight – especially as I was not tall, and a different shape to my sister, who was naturally slender – I started to control what I was eating, often allowing myself only half a roti for an entire day" (par. 6). "Matrimonial adverts – where families look for suitable matches for arranged marriages – often...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"As soon as I hit puberty and my body shape started to change, relatives and friends of the family advised me to watch what I was eating and to avoid getting fat or else no one would marry me. Sometimes this was said as a joke, but mostly it was serious. After warnings about gaining weight – especially as I was not tall, and a different shape to my sister, who was naturally slender – I started to control what I was eating, often allowing myself only half a roti for an entire day" (par. 6). "Matrimonial adverts – where families look for suitable matches for arranged marriages – often...more
Jan. 18, 2025, 1:46 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1
"When marriage is presented as an ultimate goal for women, they are compelled to adhere to the feminine norms of beauty" (par. 9).
Variables: DMW-PRACTICE-1
"When marriage is presented as an ultimate goal for women, they are compelled to adhere to the feminine norms of beauty" (par. 9).
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"The strikes against the West Bengal government continued for weeks, with protesters saying they would not return to work until their demands were met. They were finally called off after a meeting with the West Bengal chief minister, Mamata Banerjee, who said she had agreed to most of their demands, but resumed soon after when doctors said they were not satisfied" (par. 10).
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-2
"The strikes against the West Bengal government continued for weeks, with protesters saying they would not return to work until their demands were met. They were finally called off after a meeting with the West Bengal chief minister, Mamata Banerjee, who said she had agreed to most of their demands, but resumed soon after when doctors said they were not satisfied" (par. 10).
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"The brutality of the doctor’s rape and murder sent ripples of horror across the country, with the supreme court saying the case had 'shocked the conscience of the nation'. The outrage was compounded by allegations that senior hospital staff had tried to cover up the incident" (par. 6-7). "The brutality of the murder and allegations of a cover-up prompted mass protests across the country and a lengthy strike by junior doctors in Kolkata, who demanded that the state government do more to protect their safety in hospitals and ensure justice for the victim. The strikes against the West Bengal government continued for weeks, with protesters saying they would not return...more
Variables: SEGI-PRACTICE-1
"The brutality of the doctor’s rape and murder sent ripples of horror across the country, with the supreme court saying the case had 'shocked the conscience of the nation'. The outrage was compounded by allegations that senior hospital staff had tried to cover up the incident" (par. 6-7). "The brutality of the murder and allegations of a cover-up prompted mass protests across the country and a lengthy strike by junior doctors in Kolkata, who demanded that the state government do more to protect their safety in hospitals and ensure justice for the victim. The strikes against the West Bengal government continued for weeks, with protesters saying they would not return...more
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"Activists say new laws and stricter punishments have done little to address the root causes of sexual violence in India and, according to government data, the problem is worsening. The most recent data from 2022 shows that almost 450,000 crimes against women were reported, up 4% on the previous year, with more than 7% of the alleged crimes rape related. Due to a deep-rooted culture of stigma and shame around rape and sexual assault, experts say the real figures are likely much higher" (par. 14). If it is shameful to be raped, it may lead to less women reporting it (IME - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"Activists say new laws and stricter punishments have done little to address the root causes of sexual violence in India and, according to government data, the problem is worsening. The most recent data from 2022 shows that almost 450,000 crimes against women were reported, up 4% on the previous year, with more than 7% of the alleged crimes rape related. Due to a deep-rooted culture of stigma and shame around rape and sexual assault, experts say the real figures are likely much higher" (par. 14). If it is shameful to be raped, it may lead to less women reporting it (IME - CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1
"A man has been charged in the high-profile case of a doctor’s rape and murder in a Kolkata hospital, a crime that prompted widespread anger and protests over the threat of sexual violence faced by women in India. The suspect, Sanjay Roy, was arrested the day after the young doctor’s bloodied body was discovered on 9 August in a room at RG Kar hospital, where she had gone to rest after a 36-hour shift. On Monday the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) confirmed he had been formally charged with rape and murder" (par. 1-3). "The case also prompted a wider discussion around the issue of women’s safety in India, which...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-1
"A man has been charged in the high-profile case of a doctor’s rape and murder in a Kolkata hospital, a crime that prompted widespread anger and protests over the threat of sexual violence faced by women in India. The suspect, Sanjay Roy, was arrested the day after the young doctor’s bloodied body was discovered on 9 August in a room at RG Kar hospital, where she had gone to rest after a 36-hour shift. On Monday the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) confirmed he had been formally charged with rape and murder" (par. 1-3). "The case also prompted a wider discussion around the issue of women’s safety in India, which...more
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRW-LAW-2
"On Monday the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) confirmed he had been formally charged with rape and murder. Roy was a volunteer at the hospital assisting patients. The CBI charge sheet said he had raped and then murdered the doctor as she slept. It indicated that only Roy was involved in the crime and that he could face the death penalty" (par. 3-4).
Variables: LRW-LAW-2
"On Monday the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) confirmed he had been formally charged with rape and murder. Roy was a volunteer at the hospital assisting patients. The CBI charge sheet said he had raped and then murdered the doctor as she slept. It indicated that only Roy was involved in the crime and that he could face the death penalty" (par. 3-4).
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRW-DATA-1, UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"The most recent data from 2022 shows that almost 450,000 crimes against women were reported, up 4% on the previous year, with more than 7% of the alleged crimes rape related" (par. 14).
Variables: LRW-DATA-1, UVAW-PRACTICE-1
"The most recent data from 2022 shows that almost 450,000 crimes against women were reported, up 4% on the previous year, with more than 7% of the alleged crimes rape related" (par. 14).
Jan. 16, 2025, 12:15 p.m.
Countries: India
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2
"The case also prompted a wider discussion around the issue of women’s safety in India, which has remained a longstanding concern despite numerous high-profile rapes and killings of women prompting promises of change. In 2012, the story of a young women who was gang raped and killed on a bus and her body then dumped by the road stirred up global outrage and led to changes in the law and promises for the greater protection of women in public spaces" (par. 12).
Variables: IIP-PRACTICE-2
"The case also prompted a wider discussion around the issue of women’s safety in India, which has remained a longstanding concern despite numerous high-profile rapes and killings of women prompting promises of change. In 2012, the story of a young women who was gang raped and killed on a bus and her body then dumped by the road stirred up global outrage and led to changes in the law and promises for the greater protection of women in public spaces" (par. 12).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
"Hysterectomies keep them working, undistracted by doctor visits or the hardship of menstruating in a field with no access to running water, toilets or shelter" (para 8).
Variables: ERBG-PRACTICE-1
"Hysterectomies keep them working, undistracted by doctor visits or the hardship of menstruating in a field with no access to running water, toilets or shelter" (para 8).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MABFC-DATA-1
"Because girls typically marry young, many have children in their teens" (para 26).
Variables: MABFC-DATA-1
"Because girls typically marry young, many have children in their teens" (para 26).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: FSCB-PRACTICE-1
"She was married off to a sugar cane laborer in western India at about 14 — “too young,” she says, “to have any idea what marriage was" (para 3). "An extreme yet common consequence of this financial entrapment is hysterectomies. Labor brokers lend money for the surgeries, even to resolve ailments as routine as heavy, painful periods. And the women — most of them uneducated — say they have little choice. Hysterectomies keep them working, undistracted by doctor visits or the hardship of menstruating in a field with no access to running water, toilets or shelter" (para 7-8). "One local government report surveyed approximately 82,000 female sugar-cane workers from Beed,...more
Variables: FSCB-PRACTICE-1
"She was married off to a sugar cane laborer in western India at about 14 — “too young,” she says, “to have any idea what marriage was" (para 3). "An extreme yet common consequence of this financial entrapment is hysterectomies. Labor brokers lend money for the surgeries, even to resolve ailments as routine as heavy, painful periods. And the women — most of them uneducated — say they have little choice. Hysterectomies keep them working, undistracted by doctor visits or the hardship of menstruating in a field with no access to running water, toilets or shelter" (para 7-8). "One local government report surveyed approximately 82,000 female sugar-cane workers from Beed,...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"Instead of receiving wages, they work to pay off advances from their employers — an arrangement that requires them to pay a fee for the privilege of missing work, even to see a doctor" (para 6). "Tampons and pads are expensive and hard to find, and there is nowhere to dispose of them. Without access to running water, women address their periods in the fields, with reused cloth that they try to wash discreetly by hand" (para 48). "Though public hospitals offer hysterectomies free or at reduced cost, they are often far from rural women" (para 130).
Variables: DACH-PRACTICE-1
"Instead of receiving wages, they work to pay off advances from their employers — an arrangement that requires them to pay a fee for the privilege of missing work, even to see a doctor" (para 6). "Tampons and pads are expensive and hard to find, and there is nowhere to dispose of them. Without access to running water, women address their periods in the fields, with reused cloth that they try to wash discreetly by hand" (para 48). "Though public hospitals offer hysterectomies free or at reduced cost, they are often far from rural women" (para 130).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: AOM-PRACTICE-1
"She was married off to a sugar cane laborer in western India at about 14 — 'too young,' she says, 'to have any idea what marriage was'" (para 2). "Young girls are pushed into illegal child marriages so they can work alongside their husbands cutting and gathering sugar cane" (para 6). "In her wedding photographs, Ms. Chaure stares straight-faced into the camera. She had never met the groom. But that was normal. The same had happened to many of her friends. Like many rural women in Maharashtra, Ms. Chaure does not know her exact age. She figures she was about 14 on her wedding day" (para 61-62). "Several women recalled...more
Variables: AOM-PRACTICE-1
"She was married off to a sugar cane laborer in western India at about 14 — 'too young,' she says, 'to have any idea what marriage was'" (para 2). "Young girls are pushed into illegal child marriages so they can work alongside their husbands cutting and gathering sugar cane" (para 6). "In her wedding photographs, Ms. Chaure stares straight-faced into the camera. She had never met the groom. But that was normal. The same had happened to many of her friends. Like many rural women in Maharashtra, Ms. Chaure does not know her exact age. She figures she was about 14 on her wedding day" (para 61-62). "Several women recalled...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: AOM-LAW-1
"Child marriage is illegal in India and is regarded internationally as a human rights violation" (para 67).
Variables: AOM-LAW-1
"Child marriage is illegal in India and is regarded internationally as a human rights violation" (para 67).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:43 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"She figures she was about 14 on her wedding day. It was two years after she dropped out of her village school so her parents could take her to the sugar fields" (para 62).
Variables: AFE-PRACTICE-1
"She figures she was about 14 on her wedding day. It was two years after she dropped out of her village school so her parents could take her to the sugar fields" (para 62).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LR-DATA-1
"To go by 2018 numbers from the World Bank, the country’s female-literacy rate, at sixty-six per cent, is lower than that of Eritrea, but there’s a lot of regional variation; female literacy in the southern state of Kerala is above ninety per cent" (para 9). "Between 1981 and 2018... female literacy grew from roughly twenty-five per cent to sixty-six per cent" (para 34).
Variables: LR-DATA-1
"To go by 2018 numbers from the World Bank, the country’s female-literacy rate, at sixty-six per cent, is lower than that of Eritrea, but there’s a lot of regional variation; female literacy in the southern state of Kerala is above ninety per cent" (para 9). "Between 1981 and 2018... female literacy grew from roughly twenty-five per cent to sixty-six per cent" (para 34).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: ISSA-PRACTICE-1
"It includes societies, such as the million-strong Khasi, that tend to prefer daughters to sons" (para 9). "The Indian state of Punjab, where the majority of the world’s Sikhs live, has one of the most skewed sex ratios in the country, reflecting patterns of infanticide and prenatal sex selection; it may be among the most dangerous places in the world to be conceived female" (para 10).
Variables: ISSA-PRACTICE-1
"It includes societies, such as the million-strong Khasi, that tend to prefer daughters to sons" (para 9). "The Indian state of Punjab, where the majority of the world’s Sikhs live, has one of the most skewed sex ratios in the country, reflecting patterns of infanticide and prenatal sex selection; it may be among the most dangerous places in the world to be conceived female" (para 10).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape" (para 43).
Variables: LRCM-LAW-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape" (para 43).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, SAB-PRACTICE-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape. At the forefront are organizations like the Save Indian Family Foundation, which, in its words, aspires to 'expose and create awareness about large scale violations of Civil Liberties and Human Rights in the name of women’s empowerment in India'" (para 43).
Variables: LRCM-PRACTICE-1, SAB-PRACTICE-1
"A vocal men’s-rights movement in India now seeks to challenge laws said to favor women, including proposed statutes against marital rape. At the forefront are organizations like the Save Indian Family Foundation, which, in its words, aspires to 'expose and create awareness about large scale violations of Civil Liberties and Human Rights in the name of women’s empowerment in India'" (para 43).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MARR-LAW-4
"Section 498A is one of many legal provisions designed to protect Indian women; others include the Hindu Marriage Act (1955), the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005)" (para 8). "Dowry demands like these are illegal in India" (para 23). "In Europe, marriage payments mostly disappeared with industrialization. India, despite banning the practice in 1961, has witnessed the opposite trend" (para 35).
Variables: MARR-LAW-4
"Section 498A is one of many legal provisions designed to protect Indian women; others include the Hindu Marriage Act (1955), the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005)" (para 8). "Dowry demands like these are illegal in India" (para 23). "In Europe, marriage payments mostly disappeared with industrialization. India, despite banning the practice in 1961, has witnessed the opposite trend" (para 35).
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"Ravneet (Neeti) Kaur was introduced to Pawandeep Singh Sawhney in 2001. Neeti was about twenty years old; Pawan was about twenty-five. Their parents had decided that they would be a good match. They went for a walk at Gurdwara Nanak Piao, a famous Sikh temple in Delhi, after which Neeti informed her father that she was not interested. 'She was forced by everybody to say yes,' Preeti told me" (para 12-13). "My mother went through something similar. Like Neeti, she had an arranged marriage. She had just completed a master’s degree in English literature at the University of Delhi and was looking forward to teaching when a proposal arrived at...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-1
"Ravneet (Neeti) Kaur was introduced to Pawandeep Singh Sawhney in 2001. Neeti was about twenty years old; Pawan was about twenty-five. Their parents had decided that they would be a good match. They went for a walk at Gurdwara Nanak Piao, a famous Sikh temple in Delhi, after which Neeti informed her father that she was not interested. 'She was forced by everybody to say yes,' Preeti told me" (para 12-13). "My mother went through something similar. Like Neeti, she had an arranged marriage. She had just completed a master’s degree in English literature at the University of Delhi and was looking forward to teaching when a proposal arrived at...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-5
"Neeti’s father believes that what happened was long in the making. He told police that Neeti came to him a month before her death: her in-laws wanted, among other things, a car and new furniture, and expected him to give them 2.5 million rupees (about thirty-four thousand dollars). He told her that he didn’t have the cash on hand and needed a couple of months. On September 19th, two days before she died, Neeti came to him again, crying and insisting that her in-laws 'can do anything.' Her death, he maintains, is the culmination of two decades of exploitation. Throughout the marriage, her in-laws demanded money and luxury items, and,...more
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-5
"Neeti’s father believes that what happened was long in the making. He told police that Neeti came to him a month before her death: her in-laws wanted, among other things, a car and new furniture, and expected him to give them 2.5 million rupees (about thirty-four thousand dollars). He told her that he didn’t have the cash on hand and needed a couple of months. On September 19th, two days before she died, Neeti came to him again, crying and insisting that her in-laws 'can do anything.' Her death, he maintains, is the culmination of two decades of exploitation. Throughout the marriage, her in-laws demanded money and luxury items, and,...more
Jan. 9, 2025, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: India
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-7
"In accordance with the 'patrilocal' customs common throughout India, a bride moves in with the groom’s family" (para 14). "The fact that, after marriage, a wife tends to move in with her husband’s family corrodes her support system and discourages parents from investing in daughters as opposed to sons" (para 29).
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-7
"In accordance with the 'patrilocal' customs common throughout India, a bride moves in with the groom’s family" (para 14). "The fact that, after marriage, a wife tends to move in with her husband’s family corrodes her support system and discourages parents from investing in daughters as opposed to sons" (para 29).