Latest items for Brunei
Aug. 10, 2024, 2:57 a.m.
Countries: Albania, Brunei, China, Guatemala, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
9.0
Variables: MULTIVAR-SCALE-6
9.0
March 31, 2024, 3:14 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Bulgaria, Congo, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montenegro, Mozambique, Serbia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Swaziland, Syria, Trinidad/Tobago, Vanuatu, Vietnam
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
3.0
Variables: TRAFF-SCALE-1
3.0
March 30, 2024, 10:05 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Brunei ranks as a Tier 2 Watch List country (85).
Variables: TRAFF-DATA-1
According to the U.S. State Department's 2023 TIP report, Brunei ranks as a Tier 2 Watch List country (85).
March 11, 2024, 2:55 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"Is selling sex criminalised? Yes selling sex is illegal, as is loitering or soliciting for purposes of 'prostitution' as per new Penal Code introducing Sharia law (s294A). Is buying sex criminalised? Yes, new penal code criminalises the purchase of sex (s294B). Is organising/managing criminalised? Procuring, living on the earnings and brothel-keeping all criminalised." (para 1-3).
Variables: IRP-LAW-1
"Is selling sex criminalised? Yes selling sex is illegal, as is loitering or soliciting for purposes of 'prostitution' as per new Penal Code introducing Sharia law (s294A). Is buying sex criminalised? Yes, new penal code criminalises the purchase of sex (s294B). Is organising/managing criminalised? Procuring, living on the earnings and brothel-keeping all criminalised." (para 1-3).
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:24 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Bhutan, Brazil, Brunei, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Suriname, Tunisia, Vanuatu
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
2
Variables: MMR-SCALE-2
2
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:19 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
44
Variables: MMR-SCALE-1
44
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:15 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Variables: ERBG-SCALE-1
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:06 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D R Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Variables: DACH-SCALE-2
1more
Jan. 24, 2024, 3:03 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Nicaragua, North Korea, Oman, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
1
Variables: DACH-SCALE-1
1
Jan. 21, 2024, 11:10 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Brunei was 44 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: MMR-DATA-1
According to a 2023 report on global trends in maternal mortality from 2000-2020 published by the WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division, in 2020 the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in Brunei was 44 (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 20, 2024, 1:37 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Brunei is 55.5% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: ERBG-DATA-2
According to 2023 World Bank Gender Data collected from the most recent ILO modeled estimates from 2020 onwards, the female laborforce participation rate (as a percentage of the female population ages 15+) in Brunei is 55.5% (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 7, 2024, 3:30 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Brunei is 77 years for women and 73 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to the World Bank, as of 2021, life expectancy in Brunei is 77 years for women and 73 years for men (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Dec. 28, 2023, 2:18 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Brunei is 73.4 years for men and 75.4 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Variables: DACH-DATA-1
According to 2019 data from the WHO's Global Health Observatory, average life expectancy in Brunei is 73.4 years for men and 75.4 years for women (KMM-CODER COMMENT).
Oct. 12, 2023, 3:59 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad/Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam
Variables: BR-SCALE-1
0
Variables: BR-SCALE-1
0
Sept. 29, 2023, 9:40 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: BR-DATA-1
"13.2 births per 1000 population"
Variables: BR-DATA-1
"13.2 births per 1000 population"
Aug. 28, 2023, 9:19 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: ERBG-DATA-4
"Part time employment, female (% of total female employment) is '15.2%.'" "Part time employment, male (% of total male employment) is '8.3%.'"
Variables: ERBG-DATA-4
"Part time employment, female (% of total female employment) is '15.2%.'" "Part time employment, male (% of total male employment) is '8.3%.'"
July 20, 2023, 5:24 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LO-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-1
"Brunei citizens are able to own property and can establish businesses with relative ease, but protections for private property are not strong. State-linked firms dominate many sectors of the economy and the government heavily subsidizes a number of industries. Islamic law generally disadvantages women in cases of inheritance" (para 33).
Variables: LO-LAW-1, IAW-LAW-1
"Brunei citizens are able to own property and can establish businesses with relative ease, but protections for private property are not strong. State-linked firms dominate many sectors of the economy and the government heavily subsidizes a number of industries. Islamic law generally disadvantages women in cases of inheritance" (para 33).
June 17, 2023, 5:11 p.m.
Countries: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Cameroon, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kosovo, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad/Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: MARR-SCALE-2
2.0
Variables: MARR-SCALE-2
2.0
March 28, 2023, 10:18 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: MARR-LAW-7
FIRST SCHEDULE: Prohibited Degrees of Kindred. A man may not marry his — grandmother, grandfather’s wife, wife’s grandmother, father’s sister, mother’s sister, father’s brother’s wife, mother’s brother’s wife, wife’s father’s sister, wife’s mother’s sister, mother, step-mother, wife’s mother, daughter, wife’s daughter, son’s wife, sister, brother’s wife, son’s daughter, daughter’s daughter, son’s son’s wife, daughter’s son’s wife, wife’s son’s daughter, wife’s daughter’s daughter, brother’s daughter, sister’s daughter, brother’s son’s wife, sister’s son’s wife, wife’s brother’s daughter, wife’s sister’s daughter. A woman may not marry her — grandfather,grandmother’s husband, husband’s grandfather, father’s brother, mother’s brother, father’s sister’s husband, mother’s sister’s husband, husband’s father’s brother, husband’s mother’s brother, father, step-father, husband’s father, son,...more
Variables: MARR-LAW-7
FIRST SCHEDULE: Prohibited Degrees of Kindred. A man may not marry his — grandmother, grandfather’s wife, wife’s grandmother, father’s sister, mother’s sister, father’s brother’s wife, mother’s brother’s wife, wife’s father’s sister, wife’s mother’s sister, mother, step-mother, wife’s mother, daughter, wife’s daughter, son’s wife, sister, brother’s wife, son’s daughter, daughter’s daughter, son’s son’s wife, daughter’s son’s wife, wife’s son’s daughter, wife’s daughter’s daughter, brother’s daughter, sister’s daughter, brother’s son’s wife, sister’s son’s wife, wife’s brother’s daughter, wife’s sister’s daughter. A woman may not marry her — grandfather,grandmother’s husband, husband’s grandfather, father’s brother, mother’s brother, father’s sister’s husband, mother’s sister’s husband, husband’s father’s brother, husband’s mother’s brother, father, step-father, husband’s father, son,...more
March 17, 2023, 1:21 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
"The Sharia Courts’ civil jurisdiction cover all actions and proceedings which relate to inheritance (Syariah Courts Act, sect. 15). The law does not provide daughters with the same rights as sons to 5 inherit land and non-land assets as daughters are awarded half of what sons are awarded in the distribution of family inheritance" (4-5).
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
"The Sharia Courts’ civil jurisdiction cover all actions and proceedings which relate to inheritance (Syariah Courts Act, sect. 15). The law does not provide daughters with the same rights as sons to 5 inherit land and non-land assets as daughters are awarded half of what sons are awarded in the distribution of family inheritance" (4-5).
March 17, 2023, 1:20 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: IAW-LAW-1
"[T]he law does not provide female surviving spouses with the same rights as male surviving spouses to inherit land and non-land assets as a female surviving spouse will be awarded one quarter of her deceased husband’s property if there are no children and one eight if there are children while a male surviving spouse will be awarded one half of his deceased wife’s property if there are no children and one quarter if there are children" (5).
Variables: IAW-LAW-1
"[T]he law does not provide female surviving spouses with the same rights as male surviving spouses to inherit land and non-land assets as a female surviving spouse will be awarded one quarter of her deceased husband’s property if there are no children and one eight if there are children while a male surviving spouse will be awarded one half of his deceased wife’s property if there are no children and one quarter if there are children" (5).
March 16, 2023, 4:18 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 144(2).
Variables: IAD-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 144(2).
March 16, 2023, 4:18 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law provides for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 59(4).
Variables: ATDW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law provides for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 59(4).
March 16, 2023, 4:18 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: IAW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), female and male surviving spouses do not have equal rights to inherit assets. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 144(2).
Variables: IAW-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), female and male surviving spouses do not have equal rights to inherit assets. The WBL database cites the following as the source: Islamic Family Law, Art. 144(2).
March 16, 2023, 4:18 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LO-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law does not prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), a woman can sign a contract in the same way as a man. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), a woman can register a business in the same way as a man. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business,...more
Variables: LO-LAW-1
According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), the law does not prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), a woman can sign a contract in the same way as a man. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business, and the Law" database (2022), a woman can register a business in the same way as a man. The WBL database cites the following as the source: no source provided. According to the "Women, Business,...more
March 10, 2023, 7:53 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-2
"Luckily, there is a noticeable improvement in women‟s position in the contemporary Brunei, For example, some wives get the scope to stay at home as housewives while their husbands provides them foods, shelter and gives them a proportion of their salary in every months for their personal spending. Also those husbands allows them to decide what to buy for themselves and for the house, such as foods, cloths, furniture etc. Moreover, as those women stay at home but they get engaged in some kinds of small business such as baking cakes, sewing cloths, opening small stalls for selling various types of foods for extra income" (2).
Variables: ATFPA-PRACTICE-2
"Luckily, there is a noticeable improvement in women‟s position in the contemporary Brunei, For example, some wives get the scope to stay at home as housewives while their husbands provides them foods, shelter and gives them a proportion of their salary in every months for their personal spending. Also those husbands allows them to decide what to buy for themselves and for the house, such as foods, cloths, furniture etc. Moreover, as those women stay at home but they get engaged in some kinds of small business such as baking cakes, sewing cloths, opening small stalls for selling various types of foods for extra income" (2).
March 9, 2023, 9:24 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"'There is equal access to opportunity and facilities regardless of gender, age or race. Statistically, women are contributing the most in terms of education. Although on paper there is no policy that limits women from venturing into business, in reality, women still face challenges and barriers when it comes to entering male-dominated industries. Harassment towards women is still a prevalent issue and often not talked about. Another challenge for Brunei is the lack of gender data to monitor discriminatory policies. I hope to see more data supporting gender comparison which could give stronger support towards addressing harassment to ensure safe space for all individuals to contribute to the economy,' she...more
Variables: LO-PRACTICE-1
"'There is equal access to opportunity and facilities regardless of gender, age or race. Statistically, women are contributing the most in terms of education. Although on paper there is no policy that limits women from venturing into business, in reality, women still face challenges and barriers when it comes to entering male-dominated industries. Harassment towards women is still a prevalent issue and often not talked about. Another challenge for Brunei is the lack of gender data to monitor discriminatory policies. I hope to see more data supporting gender comparison which could give stronger support towards addressing harassment to ensure safe space for all individuals to contribute to the economy,' she...more
March 9, 2023, 9:24 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LO-DATA-1
"'Around 55% of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Brunei are owned by women. There are various opportunities for women to get support. For instance, there is the Darussalam Enterprise which provides a one-stop centre for training and resources for start-ups, including affordable rental space. Brunei’s Islamic financial institutions also provide support for single mothers specifically. There are also several platforms and NGOs, such as the Brunei Womenpreneur Network and the Young Entrepreneurs Association Brunei, which are both led by young women, as well as the Brunei Women Business Council,' she said in her talk on 'Women and Social Impact — The Next Frontier of Growth for the Virtual...more
Variables: LO-DATA-1
"'Around 55% of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Brunei are owned by women. There are various opportunities for women to get support. For instance, there is the Darussalam Enterprise which provides a one-stop centre for training and resources for start-ups, including affordable rental space. Brunei’s Islamic financial institutions also provide support for single mothers specifically. There are also several platforms and NGOs, such as the Brunei Womenpreneur Network and the Young Entrepreneurs Association Brunei, which are both led by young women, as well as the Brunei Women Business Council,' she said in her talk on 'Women and Social Impact — The Next Frontier of Growth for the Virtual...more
March 9, 2023, 9:08 a.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: LO-DATA-1
"The Women's Business Council - Brunei Darussalam (WBC) will be gearing up for more activities this year as they try to adapt to the new normal while simultaneously creating more platforms to uplift members affects during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WBC-BD was established in 2000 during the APEC Women's Leaders Network conference and is a national body of women leaders in business, academia, government, and civil society. The council aims to represent women's business interests and concerns and to create an avenue for exchanging ideas and developing skills, entrepreneurship and support for quality businesses for women and amongst women" (para 1-3).
Variables: LO-DATA-1
"The Women's Business Council - Brunei Darussalam (WBC) will be gearing up for more activities this year as they try to adapt to the new normal while simultaneously creating more platforms to uplift members affects during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WBC-BD was established in 2000 during the APEC Women's Leaders Network conference and is a national body of women leaders in business, academia, government, and civil society. The council aims to represent women's business interests and concerns and to create an avenue for exchanging ideas and developing skills, entrepreneurship and support for quality businesses for women and amongst women" (para 1-3).
March 4, 2023, 8:58 p.m.
Countries: Brunei
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-8
"The daughter of the Sultan of Brunei has tied the knot with her first cousin in an extravagant ceremony at her father’s Palace. Princess Azemah and her new husband, Prince Bahar ibni Jefri Bolkiah, kicked off their week of wedding celebrations in the independent sultanate on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia on January 8. Prince Bahar is the son of the sultan’s brother, Prince Jefri Bolkiah" (para 1-3) Cousin marriage is preferred among elites for kinship purposes but not widespread practice (VC CODER COMMENT)
Variables: MARR-PRACTICE-8
"The daughter of the Sultan of Brunei has tied the knot with her first cousin in an extravagant ceremony at her father’s Palace. Princess Azemah and her new husband, Prince Bahar ibni Jefri Bolkiah, kicked off their week of wedding celebrations in the independent sultanate on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia on January 8. Prince Bahar is the son of the sultan’s brother, Prince Jefri Bolkiah" (para 1-3) Cousin marriage is preferred among elites for kinship purposes but not widespread practice (VC CODER COMMENT)