Latest items for Angola
Feb. 12, 2026, 3:52 a.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Costa Rica, D R Congo, East Timor, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: DV-SCALE-1
4
Variables: DV-SCALE-1
4
Feb. 10, 2026, 8:42 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: GEW-DATA-1
There is no evidence that sexual violence or trafficking were used as weapons of war between the years 2020-2025 in Angola. During that period, Angola was not involved in an armed conflict. The insurgent group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) may have had a small presence in the country between 2020 and 2025, though reporting on their activities is scarce and no reports have been made regarding their use of sexual violence as a weapon of war during that time. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: GEW-DATA-1
There is no evidence that sexual violence or trafficking were used as weapons of war between the years 2020-2025 in Angola. During that period, Angola was not involved in an armed conflict. The insurgent group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) may have had a small presence in the country between 2020 and 2025, though reporting on their activities is scarce and no reports have been made regarding their use of sexual violence as a weapon of war during that time. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 10, 2026, 8:40 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: GEW-LAW-1
While Angola's domestic criminal code has statutes criminalizing rape and trafficking, there are no legally defined bans specifically on the use of rape and trafficking as weapons of war (those actions would fall under the broader rape/trafficking criminal statutes). Angola is a signatory to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which is the primary piece of international law criminalizing wartime rape/trafficking. However, Angola has not yet ratified the Statute, which means that Angola has indicated their agreement with the Statute has not yet entered into a binding agreement. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: GEW-LAW-1
While Angola's domestic criminal code has statutes criminalizing rape and trafficking, there are no legally defined bans specifically on the use of rape and trafficking as weapons of war (those actions would fall under the broader rape/trafficking criminal statutes). Angola is a signatory to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which is the primary piece of international law criminalizing wartime rape/trafficking. However, Angola has not yet ratified the Statute, which means that Angola has indicated their agreement with the Statute has not yet entered into a binding agreement. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 8, 2026, 6:58 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Venezuela
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"The report [by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] reveals that in 20 countries or territories such as Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, and Venezuela the so-called 'marry-your-rapist' laws still continue" (para 10).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"The report [by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] reveals that in 20 countries or territories such as Angola, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, and Venezuela the so-called 'marry-your-rapist' laws still continue" (para 10).
Feb. 8, 2026, 6:15 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Cameroon, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Thailand
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"[M]any countries continue to have the so-called 'marry your rapist' laws, namely, laws that enable perpetrators to marry their victims and so avoid any penalties for their crime. Indeed, in April 2021, the U.N. Population Fund published a report indicating that this is still the case even today in Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan and Thailand, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, among others" (para 5).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"[M]any countries continue to have the so-called 'marry your rapist' laws, namely, laws that enable perpetrators to marry their victims and so avoid any penalties for their crime. Indeed, in April 2021, the U.N. Population Fund published a report indicating that this is still the case even today in Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan and Thailand, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, among others" (para 5).
Feb. 8, 2026, 5:07 p.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Venezuela
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"But 'marry-your-rapist' laws still exist in Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gaza, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga and Venezuela, according to NGO Equality Now" (para 13).
Variables: LRW-LAW-4
"But 'marry-your-rapist' laws still exist in Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gaza, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga and Venezuela, according to NGO Equality Now" (para 13).
Feb. 4, 2026, 11:20 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: GEW-PRACTICE-1
There is no evidence that the Angolan government facilitated or was accepting of the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war between the years 2020-2025. During that period, Angola was not involved in an armed conflict. The insurgent group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) may have had a small presence in the country between 2020 and 2025, though reporting on their activities is scarce and no reports have been made regarding their use of sexual violence as a weapon of war during that time. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: GEW-PRACTICE-1
There is no evidence that the Angolan government facilitated or was accepting of the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war between the years 2020-2025. During that period, Angola was not involved in an armed conflict. The insurgent group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) may have had a small presence in the country between 2020 and 2025, though reporting on their activities is scarce and no reports have been made regarding their use of sexual violence as a weapon of war during that time. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 3, 2026, 3:44 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-3
Data on the prevalence of military-on-military sexual assault/rape prosecutions in Angola is scarce to nonexistent. The Angolan government and military do not publish disaggregated crime statistics for military personnel, restricting access to prevalence data and prosecution data (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-3
Data on the prevalence of military-on-military sexual assault/rape prosecutions in Angola is scarce to nonexistent. The Angolan government and military do not publish disaggregated crime statistics for military personnel, restricting access to prevalence data and prosecution data (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 3, 2026, 3:42 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-2
Data on the prevalence of military-on-military sexual assault/rape in Angola is scarce to nonexistent. The Angolan government and military do not publish disaggregated crime statistics for military personnel, restricting access to prevalence data (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: EWCMS-DATA-2
Data on the prevalence of military-on-military sexual assault/rape in Angola is scarce to nonexistent. The Angolan government and military do not publish disaggregated crime statistics for military personnel, restricting access to prevalence data (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Feb. 3, 2026, 3:38 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-5
"SECTION II Crimes Against Sexual Freedom ARTICLE 182 (Sexual Assault) 1. Anyone who commits sexual assault against another person, even if the perpetrator is their spouse, is punishable by imprisonment for 6 months to 4 years. 2. The same penalty applies to anyone who, in the same way, causes another person to suffer or perform a sexual act with a third party. ARTICLE 183 (Sexual Assault with Penetration) Anyone who, by the means referred to in subparagraph b of Article 181, performs sexual penetration on another person, even if that person is the perpetrator's spouse, or who, by the same means, coerces them to suffer sexual penetration by a third...more
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-5
"SECTION II Crimes Against Sexual Freedom ARTICLE 182 (Sexual Assault) 1. Anyone who commits sexual assault against another person, even if the perpetrator is their spouse, is punishable by imprisonment for 6 months to 4 years. 2. The same penalty applies to anyone who, in the same way, causes another person to suffer or perform a sexual act with a third party. ARTICLE 183 (Sexual Assault with Penetration) Anyone who, by the means referred to in subparagraph b of Article 181, performs sexual penetration on another person, even if that person is the perpetrator's spouse, or who, by the same means, coerces them to suffer sexual penetration by a third...more
Feb. 3, 2026, 3:31 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-5
"Article 3 (Supplementary Penal Resolution): 1. Crimes committed by the persons referred to in Article 2 that are not covered by this law shall be punished in accordance with current criminal legislation. 2. If the offender is armed or in uniform or uses military facilities or services to which they belong, the penalty prescribed by law shall be increased by one third" (2). Given that rape is not a law mentioned specifically in Angola's Law of Military Crimes, Angolan soldiers who commit rape/assault, either against other soldiers or against civilians, is subject to punishment under Angolan penal code. Important to note is that, if a soldier is armed, wearing a...more
Variables: EWCMS-LAW-5
"Article 3 (Supplementary Penal Resolution): 1. Crimes committed by the persons referred to in Article 2 that are not covered by this law shall be punished in accordance with current criminal legislation. 2. If the offender is armed or in uniform or uses military facilities or services to which they belong, the penalty prescribed by law shall be increased by one third" (2). Given that rape is not a law mentioned specifically in Angola's Law of Military Crimes, Angolan soldiers who commit rape/assault, either against other soldiers or against civilians, is subject to punishment under Angolan penal code. Important to note is that, if a soldier is armed, wearing a...more
Feb. 3, 2026, 3:12 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: EWCMS-PRACTICE-3
"Other Forms of Gender-based Violence or Harassment: Sexual harassment was common and not illegal. It could be prosecuted, however, under assault and battery and defamation statutes, but prosecutions were rare" (12). While information on practices encouraging/discouraging military assault/rape in Angola is scarce to nonexistent, the above quote indicates that sexual harassment in particular is relatively normalized in Angolan society. While this does not necessarily indicate that the same is true of rape/sexual assault, either in the military or society more broadly, it shines a light on the Angolan government's perspective on this class of crime. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: EWCMS-PRACTICE-3
"Other Forms of Gender-based Violence or Harassment: Sexual harassment was common and not illegal. It could be prosecuted, however, under assault and battery and defamation statutes, but prosecutions were rare" (12). While information on practices encouraging/discouraging military assault/rape in Angola is scarce to nonexistent, the above quote indicates that sexual harassment in particular is relatively normalized in Angolan society. While this does not necessarily indicate that the same is true of rape/sexual assault, either in the military or society more broadly, it shines a light on the Angolan government's perspective on this class of crime. (NAC - CODER COMMENT).
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:44 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cote D'Ivoire, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Lesotho, Mali, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sudan, Swaziland, Zambia
Variables: LO-SCALE-3
4
Variables: LO-SCALE-3
4
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:43 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Comoros, Cote D'Ivoire, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Oman, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia
Variables: LO-SCALE-2
2
Variables: LO-SCALE-2
2
Jan. 29, 2026, 9:38 p.m.
Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Jordan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: LO-SCALE-1
2
Variables: LO-SCALE-1
2
Jan. 24, 2026, 4:52 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRCM-DATA-1
"Out of the 7,699 respondents, 3,070 (41.1%) reported having experienced at least one form of violence by their partners, with physical violence being more prevalent (32.5%) than emotional (27.7%) and sexual violence (7.2%)" (para 1).
Variables: LRCM-DATA-1
"Out of the 7,699 respondents, 3,070 (41.1%) reported having experienced at least one form of violence by their partners, with physical violence being more prevalent (32.5%) than emotional (27.7%) and sexual violence (7.2%)" (para 1).
Jan. 24, 2026, 3:01 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"This position was expressed during the debate on the proposal to amend the Penal Code, which establishes a criminal framework of 3 to 12 years in prison for crimes of sexual rape... During the discussions, the deputies also proposed changing the wording of the article related to the criminal framework regarding sexual abuse, which states that 'anyone who, being an adult, performs a sexual act with a minor, for payment or other consideration, is punished with a prison sentence from 6 months to 3 years', when this should be from 3 to 12 years" (para 1-3).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"This position was expressed during the debate on the proposal to amend the Penal Code, which establishes a criminal framework of 3 to 12 years in prison for crimes of sexual rape... During the discussions, the deputies also proposed changing the wording of the article related to the criminal framework regarding sexual abuse, which states that 'anyone who, being an adult, performs a sexual act with a minor, for payment or other consideration, is punished with a prison sentence from 6 months to 3 years', when this should be from 3 to 12 years" (para 1-3).
Jan. 24, 2026, 9:46 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"The law distinguishes the crimes of 'sexual aggression' and 'sexual aggression with penetration.' A person commits the crime of sexual aggression (article 182) if (i) he or she practices a sexual act by means of coercion, violence, or threat against someone, including a spouse, or (ii) he or she enables another person to commit such act against a third person and the sentence ranges from six months to four years of imprisonment. However, article 183 states that if the coerced sexual act involves penetration, the crime committed is 'sexual aggression with penetration,' which entails a higher sentence of up to 10 years in prison. Penetration is defined as “copulation, anal...more
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"The law distinguishes the crimes of 'sexual aggression' and 'sexual aggression with penetration.' A person commits the crime of sexual aggression (article 182) if (i) he or she practices a sexual act by means of coercion, violence, or threat against someone, including a spouse, or (ii) he or she enables another person to commit such act against a third person and the sentence ranges from six months to four years of imprisonment. However, article 183 states that if the coerced sexual act involves penetration, the crime committed is 'sexual aggression with penetration,' which entails a higher sentence of up to 10 years in prison. Penetration is defined as “copulation, anal...more
Jan. 24, 2026, 9:07 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations" (para 73).
Variables: LRW-LAW-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations" (para 73).
Jan. 24, 2026, 8:44 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"The government did not enforce the law effectively. Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases. A 2021 study conducted by the NGO Mosaiko stated 53 percent of women in rural communities and urban peripheries did not report domestic violence to civil authorities, and even sexual abuse of adolescents was often addressed by the village leaders and not reported to police. Only aggravated rape cases with severe injuries and rape of children were reported to police. The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights worked with the Ministry of Interior to increase the number of women police officers and to improve police response...more
Variables: LRW-PRACTICE-2
"The government did not enforce the law effectively. Limited investigative resources, poor forensic capabilities, and an ineffective judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases. A 2021 study conducted by the NGO Mosaiko stated 53 percent of women in rural communities and urban peripheries did not report domestic violence to civil authorities, and even sexual abuse of adolescents was often addressed by the village leaders and not reported to police. Only aggravated rape cases with severe injuries and rape of children were reported to police. The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights worked with the Ministry of Interior to increase the number of women police officers and to improve police response...more
Jan. 24, 2026, 8:42 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations" (para 73).
Variables: LRW-DATA-1
"Rape, including spousal rape and intimate partner rape, was illegal and punishable by up to 12 years’ imprisonment if convicted, depending on aggravating situations" (para 73).
Jan. 20, 2026, 1:13 a.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad/Tobago, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe
Variables: ABO-SCALE-1
3
Variables: ABO-SCALE-1
3
Dec. 10, 2025, 12:51 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to Annex 10, "National prevalence estimates of lifetime and past-12-months physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence against women aged 15-49 years, 2023" the average lifetime point estimate % for Angola in 2023 was 33.9%.
Variables: DV-DATA-1
According to Annex 10, "National prevalence estimates of lifetime and past-12-months physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence against women aged 15-49 years, 2023" the average lifetime point estimate % for Angola in 2023 was 33.9%.
Nov. 17, 2025, 7:57 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"[A]bortion [is criminalized] in certain cases, subjecting both the woman having an abortion and any person assisting her to criminal liability[.] [There exist[ barriers to access to abortion in the limited cases in which abortion is not criminalized, such as that of the pregnancy gravely endangering the pregnant woman’s physical or psychological integrity or life, the fetus being certified to be non-viable and the pregnancy resulting from rape or incest" (12).
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"[A]bortion [is criminalized] in certain cases, subjecting both the woman having an abortion and any person assisting her to criminal liability[.] [There exist[ barriers to access to abortion in the limited cases in which abortion is not criminalized, such as that of the pregnancy gravely endangering the pregnant woman’s physical or psychological integrity or life, the fetus being certified to be non-viable and the pregnancy resulting from rape or incest" (12).
Nov. 3, 2025, 1:49 p.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
The Center for Reproductive Rights states that Angola's laws permit abortion to preserve the mother's physical and/or mental health. Parental authorization/notification is required. Abortion is permitted in cases of fetal diagnosis, incest, and rape.
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
The Center for Reproductive Rights states that Angola's laws permit abortion to preserve the mother's physical and/or mental health. Parental authorization/notification is required. Abortion is permitted in cases of fetal diagnosis, incest, and rape.
Oct. 29, 2025, 10:12 a.m.
Countries: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Permit abortion in certain cases, for example, if the woman’s life is at risk, and / or in cases of foetal abnormality or rape include" (Para 21).
Variables: ABO-LAW-1
"Permit abortion in certain cases, for example, if the woman’s life is at risk, and / or in cases of foetal abnormality or rape include" (Para 21).
Sept. 4, 2025, 12:23 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Cameroon, China, Pakistan, Togo
Variables: AFE-SCALE-1
2
Variables: AFE-SCALE-1
2
June 24, 2025, 9:07 a.m.
Countries: Angola
Variables: AFE-DATA-1
The gender parity index (GPI) for gross secondary school enrollment (i.e. the ratio of gross enrollment of girls to gross enrollment of boys at the secondary level) is .88. This number was found by using the World Bank's data for secondary school gross enrollment for girls and boys. As of 2021, the gross enrollment rate for females is 49% while the gross enrollment rate for males is 56%. (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Variables: AFE-DATA-1
The gender parity index (GPI) for gross secondary school enrollment (i.e. the ratio of gross enrollment of girls to gross enrollment of boys at the secondary level) is .88. This number was found by using the World Bank's data for secondary school gross enrollment for girls and boys. As of 2021, the gross enrollment rate for females is 49% while the gross enrollment rate for males is 56%. (CEC2 - CODER COMMENT).
Dec. 31, 2024, 4:46 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Central African Rep, Chile, Cote D'Ivoire, D R Congo, East Timor, Ethiopia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
15
Variables: IRP-SCALE-1
15
Dec. 4, 2024, 4:38 p.m.
Countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, D R Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Israel, Kazakhstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Technically illegal, but still practiced" (para 18).
Variables: PW-LAW-1
"Technically illegal, but still practiced" (para 18).